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	<title>柳城 &#187; 生物信息学</title>
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		<title>生物信息学部分已转移至yunbio.com</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Dec 2010 03:14:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[生物信息博客]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[嗨，大家好！！ 这里博客已经好久不更新 “生物信息学” 部分的文章了。 以后也会比较少。生物信息学部分已转移至yunbio.com（云生物）。 云生物，生物信息学的快速问答系统。 现状 人还比较少。不过也是没办法的事，接触 “生物信息学” 的人群本来就少。。 其中能有兴趣出来热心回答问题的也就更少了。 在Q群里问答更多。在Q群里交流问题的确是方便，不过我并不喜欢。Q群里解决的问题只是一次性的。 而在yunbio.com（云生物）里的问答，是永久循环可用的。以后用样的问题无需重复问。。 这是方便大家的。 介绍几个生物信息方面的博客 当然也都是牛人阿，个个都好强的。以后有问答可去请教他们的。（知道得不多，有其他推荐的请留言阿） azalea : http://azaleasays.com/ Miss Young's Blog：http://miss.ieph.net/ boyun：http://boyun.sh.cn/bio/ Rusaer：http://rusaer.com/ （生物信息：http://bio.rusaer.com） D-Horse: http://www.ifrei.cn/ 以后有知道新的再慢慢充补。 注： 有问题请到 yunbio.com（云生物），这里已不再回答 “生物信息学”的问题啦。 有点相关的文章生物信息学：努力在数据的海洋里畅游 (0.500)本地blast的详细用法 (0.500)本地blast下载 (0.500)NCBI资源介绍及使用手册(不断更新，索引页面) (0.500)NCBI(美国国立生物技术信息中心)简介 (0.500)多序列比对及蛋白质功能及结构预测(5) (RANDOM - 0.500)<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>嗨，大家好！！</p>
<p>这里博客已经好久不更新 “<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/category/bioinformatics/" title="生物信息学">生物信息学</a></span>” 部分的文章了。 以后也会比较少。生物信息学部分已转移至<a href="http://yunbio.com/" target="_blank">yunbio.com</a>（云生物）。</p>
<p>云生物，生物信息学的快速问答系统。<span id="more-1472"></span></p>
<h3>现状</h3>
<p>人还比较少。不过也是没办法的事，接触 “生物信息学” 的人群本来就少。。 其中能有兴趣出来热心回答问题的也就更少了。</p>
<p>在Q群里问答更多。在Q群里交流问题的确是方便，不过我并不喜欢。Q群里解决的问题只是一次性的。</p>
<p>而在<a href="http://yunbio.com/" target="_blank">yunbio.com</a>（云生物）里的问答，是永久循环可用的。以后用样的问题无需重复问。。 这是方便大家的。</p>
<h3>介绍几个生物信息方面的博客</h3>
<p>当然也都是牛人阿，个个都好强的。以后有问答可去请教他们的。（知道得不多，有其他推荐的请留言阿）</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>azalea : <a href="http://azaleasays.com/">http://azaleasays.com/</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Miss Young's Blog：<a href="http://miss.ieph.net/">http://miss.ieph.net/</a></strong></li>
<li><strong> </strong><strong>boyun：<a href="http://boyun.sh.cn/bio/">http://boyun.sh.cn/bio/</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>Rusaer：<a href="http://rusaer.com/">http://rusaer.com/</a> （生物信息：<a rel="nofollow" href="http://bio.rusaer.com/">http://bio.rusaer.com</a>）</strong></li>
<li><strong></strong><strong>D-Horse: <a href="http://www.ifrei.cn/">http://www.ifrei.cn/</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<p>以后有知道新的再慢慢充补。</p>
<h3><span style="color: #ff0000;">注：</span></h3>
<p><span style="color: #ff0000;">有问题请到 <a href="http://yunbio.com/" target="_blank">yunbio.com</a>（云生物），这里已不再回答 “生物信息学”的问题啦。</span></p>
<p><strong></strong><strong><br />
</strong></p>
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		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Oxis International, Inc. 致力於发现和开发治疗，诊断和预防<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e6%b0%a7%e5%8c%96%e5%ba%94%e6%bf%80/" title="查看 氧化应激 中的全部文章" target="_blank">氧化应激</a></span>疾病的产品，并使之商品化。</p>
<p>Advancing Oxidative Stress Technology Oxis International, Inc. (OTCBB: OXIS) is the premiere provider for the potent antioxidant, Ergothioneine and through their patented synthetic manufacturing process remains the only significant commercial source of pure l-ergothioneine worldwide.<span id="more-1417"></span></p>
<h3>Oxidative Stress(<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e6%b0%a7%e5%8c%96%e5%ba%94%e6%bf%80/" title="查看 氧化应激 中的全部文章" target="_blank">氧化应激</a></span>)</h3>
<p>氧化应激（Oxidative Stress，OS）是指体内氧化与抗氧化作用失衡，倾向于氧化，导致中性粒细胞炎性浸润，蛋白酶分泌增加，产生大量氧化中间产物。氧化应激是由自由基在体内产生的一种负面作用，并被认为是导致衰老和疾病的一个重要因素。</p>
<p>百度百科：http://baike.baidu.com/view/676983.htm?fr=ala0_1</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bloggerwave.com/Bloggerwave/c/403/36038/0"><img style="border-style: none;" src="http://www.bloggerwave.com:8080/Bloggerwave/uploadImages/719412972_1274113599711_oxis_video.jpg" alt="" /> </a></p>
<h3><span style="font-weight: normal;">Their products including Anti aging, antioxidant, glutathione, penny stocks &amp; free radical with a variety of biological technology. They focus on naturally occurringprotective substances since they are more likely to be both safe and efficacious.</span></h3>
<h3>LIPID SOLUBLE ANTIOXIDANT (LSA) COMPOUNDS</h3>
<p><strong>OXIS' LSA Molecules</strong> are designed to mimic the activity of the body's natural cell membrane-protecting antioxidant, Vitamin E.  LSA molecules are 20 to 40 times more potent than Vitamin E and move into cell membranes much more quickly, giving them the opportunity to be effective in areas not necessarily penetrated by the natural Vitamin E. The primary disease targets for this series of molecules will include neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson disease and cardiovascular diseases in additional to other possibilities.</p>
<p><strong>Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)</strong> is a naturally occurring enzyme found in essentially all living organisms. SOD catalyzes the destruction of the “Superoxide” molecule. This enzyme has been used in Spain for many years in the treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Joint Diseases and in the prevention of Radiation Fibrosis and scarring in patients with Colorectal Carcinoma undergoing radiation treatment. Oxis has several patents related to SOD uses and continues to enhance its IP portfolio with additional SOD related technologies.</p>
<p><strong>FDA APPROVED CLINICAL PRODUCT</strong></p>
<p><strong>Palosein (Orgotein) </strong>is an OXIS FDA approved drug for the treatment of arthritic inflammation in veterinary use called Palosein (NAD/NADA # 045-863).  Palosein is a form of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) that is derived from bovine liver. Oxis is currently in the process of re-certifying its manufacturing process and is actively seeking partnerships with distributors to sell Palosein into the veterinary channel. Oxis will provide additional information on Palosein as further progress is achieved</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bloggerwave.com/Bloggerwave/c/403/36038/0">http://www.oxis.com</a><br />
<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bloggerwave.com/Bloggerwave/c/403/36038/1">Oxis on Twitter </a><br />
<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bloggerwave.com/Bloggerwave/c/403/36038/2">Oxis on facebook</a><br />
<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bloggerwave.com" target="_blank"><img style="border-style: none;" src="http://www.bloggerwave.com/Bloggerwave/v/403/36038" alt="" /></a></p>
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		</item>
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		<title>Blast的汇总，从入门到应用</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1299/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/1299/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 18 May 2010 03:21:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NCBI]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://liucheng.name/1299/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Blast是真是非常常用的一个生物信息工具。只要是接触过序列的朋友，没玩过Blast，那好像是不大可能的。今天就来汇总一下，关于Blast的文章。包括Blast介绍。Blast的下载。本地Blast。与NCBI的Blast。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="Blast" target="_blank">Blast</a></span>是真是非常常用的一个生物信息工具。只要是接触过<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>的朋友，没玩过Blast，那好像是不大可能的。</p>
<p>Blast基本上也就是生物信息的入门工具。虽说是入门，但要真正学好，还是蛮复杂的。但是常用的，还是要了解一些的。</p>
<p>今天就来汇总一下，关于Blast的文章。包括Blast介绍。Blast的下载。本地Blast。与<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="NCBI" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>的Blast。</p>
<p>都是热门啊。<span id="more-1299"></span></p>
<h3>Blast入门</h3>
<h4>1，什么是Blast?</h4>
<p>BLAST 核酸/氨基酸序列相似性比较的工具:  <a href="http://liucheng.name/1008/">http://liucheng.name/1008/</a></p>
<p>Blast (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)是一套在蛋白质数据库或DNA数据库中进行相似性比较的分析工具。BLAST程序能迅速与公开数据库进行相似性序列比较......................</p>
<h4>2，<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="查看 NCBI 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span> 里用到的几种不同的Blast（核酸的）</h4>
<p>BlastN/MegaBlast/Discontiguous MegaBlast 的区别： <a href="http://liucheng.name/1009/">http://liucheng.name/1009/</a></p>
<p>三者之间的共同之处就是 BlastN/Mega<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="查看 blast 中的全部文章" target="_blank">blast</a></span>/Discontiguous megablast 都是BlastN,就是核酸序列比对核酸序列的算法.............</p>
<h4>3，<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="查看 NCBI 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span> 里用到的几种不同的Blast（蛋白的）</h4>
<p>Blastp/PSI-BLAST/PHI-BLAST 的详细介绍：<a href="http://liucheng.name/1010/">http://liucheng.name/1010/</a></p>
<p>Blastp/PSI-Blast/PHI-BLAST都是蛋白序列与蛋白序列之间的Blast比对..............</p>
<h4>4，NCBI里的各个Blast库</h4>
<p>NCBI在线blast数据库的简要说明：<a href="http://liucheng.name/476/">http://liucheng.name/476/</a></p>
<h3>Blast下载</h3>
<p>最新版的blast下载：<a href="http://liucheng.name/785/">http://liucheng.name/785/</a></p>
<p>你可以直接通过登陆到NCBI的FTP直接下载。通过迅雷和快车等工具也是可以的。</p>
<pre>ftp  <a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</a></pre>
<h3>本地Blast的构建</h3>
<ul>
<li>如何构建本地Blast？ <a href="http://liucheng.name/478/">http://liucheng.name/478/</a></li>
<li>本地blast的详细用法：<a href="http://liucheng.name/39/">http://liucheng.name/39/</a></li>
<li>blast formatdb 介绍：<a href="http://liucheng.name/569/">http://liucheng.name/569/</a></li>
</ul>
<p>在对核苷酸或蛋白质序列数据库进行Blast搜索之前，必须要对所使用的序列数据库进行formatdb， 即对序列数 据库进行格式化，这是所有使用BLAST所必须的一步。</p>
<ul>
<li>构建Web页面的Blast(windows/<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/linux/" title="Linux" target="_blank">Linux</a></span>)：<a href="http://liucheng.name/787/">http://liucheng.name/787/</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>NCBI Blast的应用</h3>
<ul>
<li>NCBI在线Blast的图文说明：<a href="http://liucheng.name/475/">http://liucheng.name/475/</a></li>
<li>图文讲解如何用Blast验证引物：<a href="http://liucheng.name/553/">http://liucheng.name/553/</a></li>
<li>图文讲解如何用Blast验证引物-补充说明：<a href="http://liucheng.name/636/">http://liucheng.name/636/</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>高级应用：批量Blsat</h3>
<ul>
<li>如何批量Blast（本地）：<a href="http://liucheng.name/1221/">http://liucheng.name/1221/</a></li>
<li>教程：在NCBI批量Blast：<a href="http://yunbio.com/49">http://yunbio.com/49</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>高级应用：<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/bioperl/" title="BioPerl" target="_blank">BioPerl</a></span>与Blast</h3>
<ul>
<li><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/bioperl/" title="Bioperl" target="_blank">Bioperl</a></span>:使用和解析 BLAST：<a href="http://liucheng.name/400/">http://liucheng.name/400/</a></li>
<li>用BioPerl解析blast的代码：<a href="http://liucheng.name/875/">http://liucheng.name/875/</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Blast的BUG与注意</h3>
<ul>
<li>发现低版本Blast程序的一个BUG与非标准密码子：<a href="http://liucheng.name/1109/">http://liucheng.name/1109/</a></li>
<li>Blast2.2.21版本的一个BUG：<a href="http://liucheng.name/1219/">http://liucheng.name/1219/</a></li>
</ul>
<p>某些Blast版本是存在BUG的。一般情况下不容易碰到。最好的做法还是要及时升级到最新版本。</p>
<p>~完。连我自己都惊讶。一整理。居然有好多文章。</p>
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		<slash:comments>48</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>汇总：关于用Perl、Python等画图的问题</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1274/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/1274/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 30 Apr 2010 07:23:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[circos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gnuplot]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[matplotlib]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://liucheng.name/1274/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[rebecca 童鞋似乎对画出漂亮的统计图很感兴趣。我觉得这个软件才是你要的，http://mkweb.bcgsc.ca/circos。perl写的，免费发布。gnuplot 就可以做，很简单的。前辈azalea最近发了几篇用matplotlib绘图的教程。非常实用的。有兴趣的可去学学。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a title="由 rebeccajiejie 发表" href="http://yunbio.com/author/rebeccajiejie/">rebecca</a> 童鞋似乎对画出漂亮的统计图很感兴趣。</p>
<h3>比方说，她提问的两个问题:</h3>
<ol>
<li><a href="http://yunbio.com/38" target="_blank">关于画图的问题</a></li>
<li><a href="http://yunbio.com/40" target="_blank">继续发个图的问题</a></li>
</ol>
<p>详细请访问上面的链接。<span id="more-1274"></span></p>
<p><img src="http://gencart.sourceforge.net/images/maize_retro.png" alt="" /></p>
<h3>几个回答</h3>
<p>虽说没有十足好的答案出现。不过，几个好的回答还是有的：</p>
<blockquote><p><strong> shaojingwan</strong>g：我觉得这个软件才是你要的，http://mkweb.bcgsc.ca/<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/circos/" title="查看 circos 中的全部文章" target="_blank">circos</a></span>。<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/perl/" title="perl">perl</a></span>写的，免费发布。<br />
<strong> ghxiao</strong>：可能是R做的。<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.r-project.org/">http://www.r-project.org/</a><br />
<strong> shaojingwang</strong>：<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/gnuplot/" title="查看 gnuplot 中的全部文章" target="_blank">gnuplot</a></span> 就可以做，很简单的。</p></blockquote>
<h2>用<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/matplotlib/" title="查看 matplotlib 中的全部文章" target="_blank">matplotlib</a></span>绘图</h2>
<p>前辈<a title="azalea says" rel="home" href="http://i.azpala.com/">azalea</a>最近发了几篇用<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/matplotlib/" title="查看 matplotlib 中的全部文章" target="_blank">matplotlib</a></span>绘图的教程。非常实用的。有兴趣的可去学学。</p>
<p>matplotlib是绘制二维图形的Python模块，它用Python语言实现了MATLAB画图函数的易用性，同时又有非常强大的可定制性</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://i.azpala.com/2010/04/27/matplotlib-beginner-guide/" target="_blank">matplotlib新手教程</a></li>
<li><a href="http://i.azpala.com/2010/04/28/matplotlib-example-scatter-plot/" target="_blank">matplotlib绘图实例1：scatter plot</a></li>
<li><a href="http://i.azpala.com/2010/04/29/matplotlib-example-color-mesh/" target="_blank">matplotlib绘图实例2：color mesh</a></li>
</ul>
<p>实用性很高哦。</p>
<p>我是看不懂的。所以别来问我。问高手azalea去....</p>
<div class="similarity"><h3>有点相关的文章</h3><ul><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/16/">生物信息学：努力在数据的海洋里畅游</a> (0.500)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/39/">本地blast的详细用法</a> (0.500)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/48/">本地blast下载</a> (0.500)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/301/">NCBI资源介绍及使用手册(不断更新，索引页面)</a> (0.500)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/303/">NCBI(美国国立生物技术信息中心)简介</a> (0.500)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/349/">NCBI PowerScripting:Ebot</a> (RANDOM - 0.500)</li></ul></div><!-- Mix -->]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>如何批量Blast</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1221/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/1221/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 02 Feb 2010 07:16:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blast]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://liucheng.name/?p=1221</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[批量做Blast的问题还是蛮多网友问起的。就是指多个序列的Blast。-m8参数的输出结果有12列，每一列的解释如下(用Tab键隔开的)，-a2参数是用二个CPU，加速。]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>批量做<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="Blast" target="_blank">Blast</a></span>的问题还是蛮多网友问起的。既然这样，在这里就稍微讲讲吧。其它的Blast基础知识就略过了，不懂的就去<em>Google本地Blast用法</em>。</p>
<p>这篇文章默认为你已有了Blast的基础。<span id="more-1221"></span></p>
<h3>批量Blast</h3>
<p>就是指多个<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>的Blast。其实我也不明白为什么会有这么多人提这个问题，批量Blast就跟单个Blast一样的。</p>
<p>我们都知道，默认参数下的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="查看 blast 中的全部文章" target="_blank">blast</a></span>n是这样的：</p>
<pre>blastall -p blastn -d BlastDB -i in_file.fasta  &gt;blast_output</pre>
<p>当in_file.fasta里面只有一个序列时，就是单个Blast啊。in_file.fasta也可以放多个<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/770/" title="Fasta" target="_blank">Fasta</a></span>格式的序列，这样子就是批量Blast了。</p>
<p>当然了，麻烦的是批量Blast之后的结果，一个的话我们可以看得了，当批量上千个时，我们不可能一个个看到的。这种小事情Blast早就想到了。这就引进了<strong>-m8参数</strong>。-<strong>b5参数</strong>是指显示匹配的前5个结果（默认好像是500个，忘记了）。</p>
<pre>blastall -p blastn -d BlastDB -i in_file.fasta  -m8 -b5 &gt;blast_output</pre>
<p>-m8参数的输出结果有12列，每一列的解释如下(用Tab键隔开的)：</p>
<p><strong>例子</strong></p>
<pre><small>Query_id,Subject_id,%identity,alignment_length,mismatches,gap_openings,q.start,q.end,s.start,s.end,e-value,bit_score
A_query    B_Sbjct    97.61    585    3    3    309    886    94498    95078    0.0    1017
A_query    B_Sbjct    100.00    303    0    0    913    1215    95092    95394    2e-172    601
A_query    B_Sbjct    100.00    209    0    0    1    209    94196    94404    3e-116    414
A_query    B_Sbjct    100.00    123    0    0    1234    1356    95413    95535    6e-65    244</small></pre>
<p>这样子的结果就方便后面的分析工作了。</p>
<p><strong>推荐的命令行如下：</strong></p>
<pre>blastall -p blastn -d BlastDB -i in_file.fasta  -m8 -b5 -b1 -a2 -FF &gt;blast_output</pre>
<p>-a2参数是用二个CPU，加速。-FF是不过滤简单的重复序列和低复杂度的序列（默认是过滤的）。</p>
<p>其它更详细的参数，直接敲打blastall命令就能看到了。</p>
<div class="similarity"><h3>有点相关的文章</h3><ul><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/39/">本地blast的详细用法</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/48/">本地blast下载</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/475/">NCBI在线Blast的图文说明</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/476/">NCBI在线blast数据库的简要说明</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/478/">如何构建本地Blast？</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/385/">知道基因名（Symbol）怎样查找基因的序列？</a> (RANDOM - 0.500)</li></ul></div><!-- Mix -->]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>19</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Blast2.2.21版本的一个BUG</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1219/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/1219/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 02 Feb 2010 07:13:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[BUG]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://liucheng.name/?p=1219</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[经过一段时间的分析后，慢慢排除掉其它的可能性，最后锁定在Blast版本问题上，拿上面的序列去NCBI做Blastp，并没有发现问题。NCBI的Blast版本是2.2.22，也是目前最新的版目。]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>在前些日子，我已经发表过一篇文章，指出<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="Blast" target="_blank">Blast</a></span>较低版本的一个Bug，是非标准密码子的问题。有兴趣的请围观：http://liucheng.<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/" title="柳城">name</a></span>/1109/</p>
<h3>又一个<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/bug/" title="查看 BUG 中的全部文章" target="_blank">BUG</a></span>的发现</h3>
<p>最近有一个同事，在使用Blast时又发现一个奇异的结果。如用下面的氨基酸<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>做Blastp：<span id="more-1219"></span></p>
<pre>&gt;Q16653|MOG_HUMAN Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein OS=Homo sapiens
MASLSRPSLPSCLCSFLLLLLLQVSSSYAGQFRVIGPRHPIRALVGDEVELPCRISPGKN
ATGMEVGWYRPPFSRVVHLYRNGKDQDGDQAPEYRGRTELLKDAIGEGKVTLRIRNVRFS
DEGGFTCFFRDHSYQEEAAMELKVEDPFYWVSPGVLVLLAVLPVLLLQITVG<span style="color: #ff0000;">LVF</span>LCLQY
RLRGKLRAEIENLHRTFDPHFLRVPCWKITLFVIVPVLGPLVALIICYNWLHRRLAGQFL
EELRNPF</pre>
<p>这个序列<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q16653.fasta" target="_blank">Q16653</a>是来自Uniprot的。BlastDB是选择human的氨基酸序列，Blsat版本是用2.2.21，Blast程序选择Blastp。结果却没有匹配上，最好一个匹配也才40%的相似性。</p>
<h3>BUG的原因分析</h3>
<p>当然了，一开始并没有怀疑过Blast版本的问题。</p>
<p>经过一段时间的分析后，慢慢排除掉其它的可能性，最后锁定在Blast版本问题上，拿上面的序列去<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="NCBI" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>做Blastp，并没有发现问题。NCBI的Blast版本是2.2.22，也是目前最新的版目。</p>
<p>另外，在低于2.2.21版本的Blast里也没发现问题（当然只是找了其中一个版本来测试，不可能所有版本都测试）。</p>
<p>所以最终确认，这是Blast2.2.21版本的一个Bug。</p>
<h3>未解决的问题?</h3>
<p>请注意上面序列的红色字体部分：LVF，把它改为：LIF。再用同样的条件做Blastp，结果完成正确。但V是缬氨酸，是非常常见的一个氨基酸，到处都可见。所以不是非标准密码子的问题。</p>
<p>至少这个BUG的原因，就无从测试起了，只能大概地推测这个V在某些情况下会引起这个BUG。</p>
<div class="similarity"><h3>有点相关的文章</h3><ul><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/1109/">发现低版本Blast程序的一个BUG与非标准密码子</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/39/">本地blast的详细用法</a> (0.540)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/48/">本地blast下载</a> (0.540)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/475/">NCBI在线Blast的图文说明</a> (0.540)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/476/">NCBI在线blast数据库的简要说明</a> (0.540)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/447/">统计软件Sigmastat－内附专家系统，引导您做统计分析</a> (RANDOM - 0.500)</li></ul></div><!-- Mix -->]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Notice: NCBI系统维护</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1141/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/1141/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 13 Nov 2009 15:21:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[BankIt]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NCBI]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[PubMed]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://liucheng.name/?p=1141</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[NCBI系统维护，北京时间：2009/11/14  4:00AM ~ 11/15号 9:00AM。在这段时间期间，PubMed、Blast等服务将受到影响，出现间隔性地缓慢（如果出现NCBI上不了也是属于正常的）。还有，像数据提交这类系统，如BankIt，GEO, SRA，PubChem等将会暂时停用。]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="NCBI" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>系统维护，北京时间：2009/11/14  4:00AM ~ 11/15号 9:00AM</p>
<p>在这段时间期间，<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/832/" title="PubMed" target="_blank">PubMed</a></span>、<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="Blast" target="_blank">Blast</a></span>等服务将受到影响，出现间隔性地缓慢（如果出现<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="查看 NCBI 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>上不了也是属于正常的）。</p>
<p>还有，像数据提交这类系统，如<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/bankit/" title="查看 BankIt 中的全部文章" target="_blank">BankIt</a></span>，GEO, SRA，PubChem等将会暂时停用。<span id="more-1141"></span></p>
<p>原文如下：</p>
<h3>Notice: Upcoming Systems Maintenance</h3>
<p>NCBI services will undergo maintenance beginning <strong>Friday, November 13 at 3:00 PM</strong> until <strong>Saturday, November 14 at 8:00 PM</strong> (EST).</p>
<p>During this time retrieval resources such as <span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/pubmed/" title="查看 PubMed 中的全部文章" target="_blank">PubMed</a></span> and BLAST will be operational but may be intermittently slow.</p>
<p>Web and FTP data submission to systems such as GenBank (BankIt), GEO, SRA and PubChem will be unavailable.</p>
<p>For questions please contact NCBI: <a href="mailto:info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</a>.</p>
<h3>截个图：</h3>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Upcoming-Systems-Maintenance.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1142" title="tice: NCBI系统维护" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Upcoming-Systems-Maintenance.png" alt="tice: NCBI系统维护" width="432" height="365" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Notice: NCBI系统维护</p>
<div class="similarity"><h3>有点相关的文章</h3><ul><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/466/">如何向NCBI提交序列？</a> (0.796)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/816/">用Sequin向NCBI提交序列</a> (0.796)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/318/">用RSS订阅NCBI-PubMed文献</a> (0.684)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/768/">如何在NCBI实现大批量数据的一一对应</a> (0.684)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/832/">PubMed使用指南</a> (0.684)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/636/">图文讲解如何用Blast验证引物-补充说明</a> (RANDOM - 0.537)</li></ul></div><!-- Mix -->]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>发现低版本Blast程序的一个BUG与非标准密码子</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1109/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/1109/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 Nov 2009 11:22:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[BUG]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[硒半胱氨酸]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[终止密码子]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[非标准密码子]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[非标准氨基酸]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://liucheng.name/?p=1109</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ 在遗传密码中，硒半胱胺酸的编码是UGA，通常用作终止密码子。但如果在mRNA中有一个硒半胱胺酸插入序列(SElenoCysteine Insertion Sequence, SECIS)，UGA就用作硒半胱胺酸的编码。]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="Blast" target="_blank">Blast</a></span> (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)是一套在蛋白质数据库或DNA数据库中进行相似性比较的分析工具。关于BLAST程序的详细介绍看： <a href="http://liucheng.name/1008/">http://liucheng.name/1008/</a></p>
<p> 在做BLAST<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>比对的过程中，发现了一个比较奇异的问题。<span id="more-1109"></span></p>
<h3> 模拟做法如下：</h3>
<p> 用NM_001039848的氨基酸序列做BLAST程序的两两比对（bl2seq）。<a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/entrez.php?acc=NM_001039848&amp;format=gb">NM_001039848</a>的氨基酸序列如下：（注意红色标注的U）</p>
<pre> 
&gt;NM_001039848   Homo sapiens glutathione peroxidase 4 (phospholipid hydroperoxidase) (GPX4), transcript variant 3, mRNA.
MGRAGAGSPGRRRQRCQSRGRRRPRAPRRRKAPACRRRRARRRRKKPCPRSLRPEIHECP
KSQDPCASRDDWRCARSMHEFSAKDIDGHMVNLDKYRGFVCIVTNVASQ<strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">U</span></strong>GKTEVNYTQL
VDLHARYAECGLRILAFPCNQFGKQEPGSNEEIKEFAAGYNVKFDMFSKICVNGDDAHPL
WKWMKIQPKGKGILGNAIKWNFTKFLIDKNGCVVKRYGPMEEPLVIEKDLPHYF</pre>
<p> </p>
<p>bl2seq的结果截图如下：（注，本地装好的BLA ST软件，<strong>版本</strong><strong>2.2.9</strong> ，用bl2seq中的Blastp。其中对比的两条序列是一样的，都是NM_001039848的氨基酸序列。）</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/NM_001039848-的-bl2seq-result.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1110" title="NM_001039848 的 bl2seq result" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/NM_001039848-的-bl2seq-result.png" alt="NM_001039848 的 bl2seq result" width="583" height="472" /></a></p>
<p> </p>
<h3> 提出问题：</h3>
<p> 1，  注意上图红色圈住部分。同样的两段序列，即然有2个Gaps，刚好在氨基酸U的位置。</p>
<p> 2，  查了查氨基酸的标准密码子表（详看：<a href="http://liucheng.name/420/">http://liucheng.name/420/</a>）。发现U并不在标准密码子表之内。那是代表什么？</p>
<p> 3，  把氨基酸这点的U对应回<a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/entrez.php?acc=NM_001039848&amp;format=gb">NM_001039848</a>的核酸序列，密码子刚好是TGA（即作UGA），这应该是<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e7%bb%88%e6%ad%a2%e5%af%86%e7%a0%81%e5%ad%90/" title="查看 终止密码子 中的全部文章" target="_blank">终止密码子</a></span>，为何在这里不会终止，而是翻译成U？</p>
<h3> 一一来解答问题：</h3>
<p> 1，  把同样的序列用<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="NCBI" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>的在线bl2seq程序。结果发现是100%，并没有Gaps。看下图。但NCBI里所用的<strong>BLAST</strong><strong>的版本是2.2.22</strong>（上面所提到的BLAST版本是2.2.9），由此可知这是低版本BLAST的一个<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/bug/" title="查看 BUG 中的全部文章" target="_blank">BUG</a></span>，不认U。</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/NM_001039848-在NCBI的-bl2seq-result.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1111" title="NM_001039848 在NCBI的 bl2seq result" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/NM_001039848-在NCBI的-bl2seq-result-300x168.png" alt="NM_001039848 在NCBI的 bl2seq result" width="300" height="168" /></a></p>
<p> 2，  那为啥偏偏是U呢。原来U并不是在标准的密码子表里面，不属于标准的20个氨基酸之内。</p>
<p> 在Google搜索资料，最后还是在维基百科找到了答案（详看<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81">http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81</a>）</p>
<pre> 在一些蛋白质里停止密码子会被翻译成非标准的氨基酸，例如UGA（TGA）转译为<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e7%a1%92%e5%8d%8a%e8%83%b1%e6%b0%a8%e9%85%b8/" title="查看 硒半胱氨酸 中的全部文章" target="_blank">硒半胱氨酸</a></span>和UAG（TAG）转译为吡咯赖氨酸，随着对<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/genome/" title="基因组" target="_blank">基因组</a></span>序列加深了解，科学家可能还会发现其它非标准的转译方式</pre>
<p> 原来氨基酸序列里的U是指非标准的氨基酸：<strong><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e7%a1%92%e5%8d%8a%e8%83%b1%e6%b0%a8%e9%85%b8/" title="查看 硒半胱氨酸 中的全部文章" target="_blank">硒半胱氨酸</a></span></strong></p>
<p> 下面再来看看<strong>硒半胱氨酸</strong>的介绍：<strong></strong></p>
<pre> 硒半胱胺酸是一种氨基酸，存在于少数一些酶中，如谷胱甘肽过氧化酶、甲状腺素5'-脱碘酶、硫氧还蛋白还原酶、甲酸脱氢酶、甘胺酸还原酶和一些氢化酶等。</pre>
<pre> 在遗传密码中，硒半胱胺酸的编码是UGA，通常用作<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e7%bb%88%e6%ad%a2%e5%af%86%e7%a0%81%e5%ad%90/" title="查看 终止密码子 中的全部文章" target="_blank">终止密码子</a></span>。但如果在mRNA中有一个硒半胱胺酸插入序列(SElenoCysteine Insertion Sequence, SECIS)，UGA就用作硒半胱胺酸的编码。</pre>
<p> 而<a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/entrez.php?acc=NM_001039848&amp;format=gb">NM_001039848</a>基因刚好是 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase）。</p>
<p>一切疑问都已解答。~</p>
<div class="similarity"><h3>有点相关的文章</h3><ul><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/1219/">Blast2.2.21版本的一个BUG</a> (0.761)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/420/">遗传密码子表The Genetic Codes</a> (0.740)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/39/">本地blast的详细用法</a> (0.521)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/48/">本地blast下载</a> (0.521)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/475/">NCBI在线Blast的图文说明</a> (0.521)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/313/">Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)介绍</a> (RANDOM - 0.500)</li></ul></div><!-- Mix -->]]></content:encoded>
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