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	<title>柳城 &#187; blast</title>
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		<title>Blast的汇总，从入门到应用</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1299/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 18 May 2010 03:21:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NCBI]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Blast是真是非常常用的一个生物信息工具。只要是接触过序列的朋友，没玩过Blast，那好像是不大可能的。今天就来汇总一下，关于Blast的文章。包括Blast介绍。Blast的下载。本地Blast。与NCBI的Blast。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="Blast" target="_blank">Blast</a></span>是真是非常常用的一个生物信息工具。只要是接触过<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>的朋友，没玩过Blast，那好像是不大可能的。</p>
<p>Blast基本上也就是生物信息的入门工具。虽说是入门，但要真正学好，还是蛮复杂的。但是常用的，还是要了解一些的。</p>
<p>今天就来汇总一下，关于Blast的文章。包括Blast介绍。Blast的下载。本地Blast。与<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="NCBI" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>的Blast。</p>
<p>都是热门啊。<span id="more-1299"></span></p>
<h3>Blast入门</h3>
<h4>1，什么是Blast?</h4>
<p>BLAST 核酸/氨基酸序列相似性比较的工具:  <a href="http://liucheng.name/1008/">http://liucheng.name/1008/</a></p>
<p>Blast (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)是一套在蛋白质数据库或DNA数据库中进行相似性比较的分析工具。BLAST程序能迅速与公开数据库进行相似性序列比较......................</p>
<h4>2，<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="查看 NCBI 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span> 里用到的几种不同的Blast（核酸的）</h4>
<p>BlastN/MegaBlast/Discontiguous MegaBlast 的区别： <a href="http://liucheng.name/1009/">http://liucheng.name/1009/</a></p>
<p>三者之间的共同之处就是 BlastN/Mega<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="查看 blast 中的全部文章" target="_blank">blast</a></span>/Discontiguous megablast 都是BlastN,就是核酸序列比对核酸序列的算法.............</p>
<h4>3，NCBI 里用到的几种不同的Blast（蛋白的）</h4>
<p>Blastp/PSI-BLAST/PHI-BLAST 的详细介绍：<a href="http://liucheng.name/1010/">http://liucheng.name/1010/</a></p>
<p>Blastp/PSI-Blast/PHI-BLAST都是蛋白序列与蛋白序列之间的Blast比对..............</p>
<h4>4，NCBI里的各个Blast库</h4>
<p>NCBI在线blast数据库的简要说明：<a href="http://liucheng.name/476/">http://liucheng.name/476/</a></p>
<h3>Blast下载</h3>
<p>最新版的blast下载：<a href="http://liucheng.name/785/">http://liucheng.name/785/</a></p>
<p>你可以直接通过登陆到NCBI的FTP直接下载。通过迅雷和快车等工具也是可以的。</p>
<pre>ftp  <a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</a></pre>
<h3>本地Blast的构建</h3>
<ul>
<li>如何构建本地Blast？ <a href="http://liucheng.name/478/">http://liucheng.name/478/</a></li>
<li>本地blast的详细用法：<a href="http://liucheng.name/39/">http://liucheng.name/39/</a></li>
<li>blast formatdb 介绍：<a href="http://liucheng.name/569/">http://liucheng.name/569/</a></li>
</ul>
<p>在对核苷酸或蛋白质序列数据库进行Blast搜索之前，必须要对所使用的序列数据库进行formatdb， 即对序列数 据库进行格式化，这是所有使用BLAST所必须的一步。</p>
<ul>
<li>构建Web页面的Blast(windows/<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/linux/" title="Linux" target="_blank">Linux</a></span>)：<a href="http://liucheng.name/787/">http://liucheng.name/787/</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>NCBI Blast的应用</h3>
<ul>
<li>NCBI在线Blast的图文说明：<a href="http://liucheng.name/475/">http://liucheng.name/475/</a></li>
<li>图文讲解如何用Blast验证引物：<a href="http://liucheng.name/553/">http://liucheng.name/553/</a></li>
<li>图文讲解如何用Blast验证引物-补充说明：<a href="http://liucheng.name/636/">http://liucheng.name/636/</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>高级应用：批量Blsat</h3>
<ul>
<li>如何批量Blast（本地）：<a href="http://liucheng.name/1221/">http://liucheng.name/1221/</a></li>
<li>教程：在NCBI批量Blast：<a href="http://yunbio.com/49">http://yunbio.com/49</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>高级应用：<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/bioperl/" title="BioPerl" target="_blank">BioPerl</a></span>与Blast</h3>
<ul>
<li><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/bioperl/" title="Bioperl" target="_blank">Bioperl</a></span>:使用和解析 BLAST：<a href="http://liucheng.name/400/">http://liucheng.name/400/</a></li>
<li>用BioPerl解析blast的代码：<a href="http://liucheng.name/875/">http://liucheng.name/875/</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Blast的BUG与注意</h3>
<ul>
<li>发现低版本Blast程序的一个BUG与非标准密码子：<a href="http://liucheng.name/1109/">http://liucheng.name/1109/</a></li>
<li>Blast2.2.21版本的一个BUG：<a href="http://liucheng.name/1219/">http://liucheng.name/1219/</a></li>
</ul>
<p>某些Blast版本是存在BUG的。一般情况下不容易碰到。最好的做法还是要及时升级到最新版本。</p>
<p>~完。连我自己都惊讶。一整理。居然有好多文章。</p>
<div class="similarity"><h3>有点相关的文章</h3><ul><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/48/">本地blast下载</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/475/">NCBI在线Blast的图文说明</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/476/">NCBI在线blast数据库的简要说明</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/791/">NCBI工具:BLAST 2 Sequences的用法</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/1141/">Notice: NCBI系统维护</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/870/">Uniprot,GO,GenBank,IPI等ID的一一对应</a> (RANDOM - 0.500)</li></ul></div><!-- Mix --><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>如何批量Blast</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1221/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/1221/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 02 Feb 2010 07:16:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blast]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[批量做Blast的问题还是蛮多网友问起的。就是指多个序列的Blast。-m8参数的输出结果有12列，每一列的解释如下(用Tab键隔开的)，-a2参数是用二个CPU，加速。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>批量做<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="Blast" target="_blank">Blast</a></span>的问题还是蛮多网友问起的。既然这样，在这里就稍微讲讲吧。其它的Blast基础知识就略过了，不懂的就去<em>Google本地Blast用法</em>。</p>
<p>这篇文章默认为你已有了Blast的基础。<span id="more-1221"></span></p>
<h3>批量Blast</h3>
<p>就是指多个<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>的Blast。其实我也不明白为什么会有这么多人提这个问题，批量Blast就跟单个Blast一样的。</p>
<p>我们都知道，默认参数下的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="查看 blast 中的全部文章" target="_blank">blast</a></span>n是这样的：</p>
<pre><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="查看 blast 中的全部文章" target="_blank">blast</a></span>all -p blastn -d BlastDB -i in_file.fasta  &gt;blast_output</pre>
<p>当in_file.fasta里面只有一个序列时，就是单个Blast啊。in_file.fasta也可以放多个<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/770/" title="Fasta" target="_blank">Fasta</a></span>格式的序列，这样子就是批量Blast了。</p>
<p>当然了，麻烦的是批量Blast之后的结果，一个的话我们可以看得了，当批量上千个时，我们不可能一个个看到的。这种小事情Blast早就想到了。这就引进了<strong>-m8参数</strong>。-<strong>b5参数</strong>是指显示匹配的前5个结果（默认好像是500个，忘记了）。</p>
<pre>blastall -p blastn -d BlastDB -i in_file.fasta  -m8 -b5 &gt;blast_output</pre>
<p>-m8参数的输出结果有12列，每一列的解释如下(用Tab键隔开的)：</p>
<p><strong>例子</strong></p>
<pre><small>Query_id,Subject_id,%identity,alignment_length,mismatches,gap_openings,q.start,q.end,s.start,s.end,e-value,bit_score
A_query    B_Sbjct    97.61    585    3    3    309    886    94498    95078    0.0    1017
A_query    B_Sbjct    100.00    303    0    0    913    1215    95092    95394    2e-172    601
A_query    B_Sbjct    100.00    209    0    0    1    209    94196    94404    3e-116    414
A_query    B_Sbjct    100.00    123    0    0    1234    1356    95413    95535    6e-65    244</small></pre>
<p>这样子的结果就方便后面的分析工作了。</p>
<p><strong>推荐的命令行如下：</strong></p>
<pre>blastall -p blastn -d BlastDB -i in_file.fasta  -m8 -b5 -b1 -a2 -FF &gt;blast_output</pre>
<p>-a2参数是用二个CPU，加速。-FF是不过滤简单的重复序列和低复杂度的序列（默认是过滤的）。</p>
<p>其它更详细的参数，直接敲打blastall命令就能看到了。</p>
<div class="similarity"><h3>有点相关的文章</h3><ul><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/39/">本地blast的详细用法</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/48/">本地blast下载</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/475/">NCBI在线Blast的图文说明</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/476/">NCBI在线blast数据库的简要说明</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/478/">如何构建本地Blast？</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/329/">LIUCHENG.NAME教程：如何把clusterX的结果转为漂亮的图片</a> (RANDOM - 0.500)</li></ul></div><!-- Mix --><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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		<slash:comments>19</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Blast2.2.21版本的一个BUG</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1219/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/1219/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 02 Feb 2010 07:13:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[BUG]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://liucheng.name/?p=1219</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[经过一段时间的分析后，慢慢排除掉其它的可能性，最后锁定在Blast版本问题上，拿上面的序列去NCBI做Blastp，并没有发现问题。NCBI的Blast版本是2.2.22，也是目前最新的版目。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>在前些日子，我已经发表过一篇文章，指出<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="Blast" target="_blank">Blast</a></span>较低版本的一个Bug，是非标准密码子的问题。有兴趣的请围观：http://liucheng.<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/" title="柳城">name</a></span>/1109/</p>
<h3>又一个<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/bug/" title="查看 BUG 中的全部文章" target="_blank">BUG</a></span>的发现</h3>
<p>最近有一个同事，在使用Blast时又发现一个奇异的结果。如用下面的氨基酸<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>做Blastp：<span id="more-1219"></span></p>
<pre>&gt;Q16653|MOG_HUMAN Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein OS=Homo sapiens
MASLSRPSLPSCLCSFLLLLLLQVSSSYAGQFRVIGPRHPIRALVGDEVELPCRISPGKN
ATGMEVGWYRPPFSRVVHLYRNGKDQDGDQAPEYRGRTELLKDAIGEGKVTLRIRNVRFS
DEGGFTCFFRDHSYQEEAAMELKVEDPFYWVSPGVLVLLAVLPVLLLQITVG<span style="color: #ff0000;">LVF</span>LCLQY
RLRGKLRAEIENLHRTFDPHFLRVPCWKITLFVIVPVLGPLVALIICYNWLHRRLAGQFL
EELRNPF</pre>
<p>这个序列<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q16653.fasta" target="_blank">Q16653</a>是来自Uniprot的。BlastDB是选择human的氨基酸序列，Blsat版本是用2.2.21，Blast程序选择Blastp。结果却没有匹配上，最好一个匹配也才40%的相似性。</p>
<h3><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/bug/" title="查看 BUG 中的全部文章" target="_blank">BUG</a></span>的原因分析</h3>
<p>当然了，一开始并没有怀疑过Blast版本的问题。</p>
<p>经过一段时间的分析后，慢慢排除掉其它的可能性，最后锁定在Blast版本问题上，拿上面的序列去<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="NCBI" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>做Blastp，并没有发现问题。NCBI的Blast版本是2.2.22，也是目前最新的版目。</p>
<p>另外，在低于2.2.21版本的Blast里也没发现问题（当然只是找了其中一个版本来测试，不可能所有版本都测试）。</p>
<p>所以最终确认，这是Blast2.2.21版本的一个Bug。</p>
<h3>未解决的问题?</h3>
<p>请注意上面序列的红色字体部分：LVF，把它改为：LIF。再用同样的条件做Blastp，结果完成正确。但V是缬氨酸，是非常常见的一个氨基酸，到处都可见。所以不是非标准密码子的问题。</p>
<p>至少这个BUG的原因，就无从测试起了，只能大概地推测这个V在某些情况下会引起这个BUG。</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Notice: NCBI系统维护</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1141/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/1141/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 13 Nov 2009 15:21:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[BankIt]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NCBI]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[PubMed]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://liucheng.name/?p=1141</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[NCBI系统维护，北京时间：2009/11/14  4:00AM ~ 11/15号 9:00AM。在这段时间期间，PubMed、Blast等服务将受到影响，出现间隔性地缓慢（如果出现NCBI上不了也是属于正常的）。还有，像数据提交这类系统，如BankIt，GEO, SRA，PubChem等将会暂时停用。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="NCBI" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>系统维护，北京时间：2009/11/14  4:00AM ~ 11/15号 9:00AM</p>
<p>在这段时间期间，<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/832/" title="PubMed" target="_blank">PubMed</a></span>、<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="Blast" target="_blank">Blast</a></span>等服务将受到影响，出现间隔性地缓慢（如果出现<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="查看 NCBI 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>上不了也是属于正常的）。</p>
<p>还有，像数据提交这类系统，如<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/bankit/" title="查看 BankIt 中的全部文章" target="_blank">BankIt</a></span>，GEO, SRA，PubChem等将会暂时停用。<span id="more-1141"></span></p>
<p>原文如下：</p>
<h3>Notice: Upcoming Systems Maintenance</h3>
<p>NCBI services will undergo maintenance beginning <strong>Friday, November 13 at 3:00 PM</strong> until <strong>Saturday, November 14 at 8:00 PM</strong> (EST).</p>
<p>During this time retrieval resources such as <span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/pubmed/" title="查看 PubMed 中的全部文章" target="_blank">PubMed</a></span> and BLAST will be operational but may be intermittently slow.</p>
<p>Web and FTP data submission to systems such as GenBank (<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/bankit/" title="查看 BankIt 中的全部文章" target="_blank">BankIt</a></span>), GEO, SRA and PubChem will be unavailable.</p>
<p>For questions please contact NCBI: <a href="mailto:info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</a>.</p>
<h3>截个图：</h3>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Upcoming-Systems-Maintenance.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1142" title="tice: NCBI系统维护" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Upcoming-Systems-Maintenance.png" alt="tice: NCBI系统维护" width="432" height="365" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Notice: NCBI系统维护</p>
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		<title>发现低版本Blast程序的一个BUG与非标准密码子</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1109/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/1109/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 Nov 2009 11:22:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[BUG]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[硒半胱氨酸]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[终止密码子]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[非标准密码子]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[非标准氨基酸]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[ 在遗传密码中，硒半胱胺酸的编码是UGA，通常用作终止密码子。但如果在mRNA中有一个硒半胱胺酸插入序列(SElenoCysteine Insertion Sequence, SECIS)，UGA就用作硒半胱胺酸的编码。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="Blast" target="_blank">Blast</a></span> (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)是一套在蛋白质数据库或DNA数据库中进行相似性比较的分析工具。关于BLAST程序的详细介绍看： <a href="http://liucheng.name/1008/">http://liucheng.name/1008/</a></p>
<p> 在做BLAST<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>比对的过程中，发现了一个比较奇异的问题。<span id="more-1109"></span></p>
<h3> 模拟做法如下：</h3>
<p> 用NM_001039848的氨基酸序列做BLAST程序的两两比对（bl2seq）。<a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/entrez.php?acc=NM_001039848&amp;format=gb">NM_001039848</a>的氨基酸序列如下：（注意红色标注的U）</p>
<pre> 
&gt;NM_001039848   Homo sapiens glutathione peroxidase 4 (phospholipid hydroperoxidase) (GPX4), transcript variant 3, mRNA.
MGRAGAGSPGRRRQRCQSRGRRRPRAPRRRKAPACRRRRARRRRKKPCPRSLRPEIHECP
KSQDPCASRDDWRCARSMHEFSAKDIDGHMVNLDKYRGFVCIVTNVASQ<strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">U</span></strong>GKTEVNYTQL
VDLHARYAECGLRILAFPCNQFGKQEPGSNEEIKEFAAGYNVKFDMFSKICVNGDDAHPL
WKWMKIQPKGKGILGNAIKWNFTKFLIDKNGCVVKRYGPMEEPLVIEKDLPHYF</pre>
<p> </p>
<p>bl2seq的结果截图如下：（注，本地装好的BLA ST软件，<strong>版本</strong><strong>2.2.9</strong> ，用bl2seq中的Blastp。其中对比的两条序列是一样的，都是NM_001039848的氨基酸序列。）</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/NM_001039848-的-bl2seq-result.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1110" title="NM_001039848 的 bl2seq result" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/NM_001039848-的-bl2seq-result.png" alt="NM_001039848 的 bl2seq result" width="583" height="472" /></a></p>
<p> </p>
<h3> 提出问题：</h3>
<p> 1，  注意上图红色圈住部分。同样的两段序列，即然有2个Gaps，刚好在氨基酸U的位置。</p>
<p> 2，  查了查氨基酸的标准密码子表（详看：<a href="http://liucheng.name/420/">http://liucheng.name/420/</a>）。发现U并不在标准密码子表之内。那是代表什么？</p>
<p> 3，  把氨基酸这点的U对应回<a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/entrez.php?acc=NM_001039848&amp;format=gb">NM_001039848</a>的核酸序列，密码子刚好是TGA（即作UGA），这应该是<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e7%bb%88%e6%ad%a2%e5%af%86%e7%a0%81%e5%ad%90/" title="查看 终止密码子 中的全部文章" target="_blank">终止密码子</a></span>，为何在这里不会终止，而是翻译成U？</p>
<h3> 一一来解答问题：</h3>
<p> 1，  把同样的序列用<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="NCBI" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>的在线bl2seq程序。结果发现是100%，并没有Gaps。看下图。但NCBI里所用的<strong>BLAST</strong><strong>的版本是2.2.22</strong>（上面所提到的BLAST版本是2.2.9），由此可知这是低版本BLAST的一个<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/bug/" title="查看 BUG 中的全部文章" target="_blank">BUG</a></span>，不认U。</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/NM_001039848-在NCBI的-bl2seq-result.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1111" title="NM_001039848 在NCBI的 bl2seq result" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/NM_001039848-在NCBI的-bl2seq-result-300x168.png" alt="NM_001039848 在NCBI的 bl2seq result" width="300" height="168" /></a></p>
<p> 2，  那为啥偏偏是U呢。原来U并不是在标准的密码子表里面，不属于标准的20个氨基酸之内。</p>
<p> 在Google搜索资料，最后还是在维基百科找到了答案（详看<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81">http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81</a>）</p>
<pre> 在一些蛋白质里停止密码子会被翻译成非标准的氨基酸，例如UGA（TGA）转译为<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e7%a1%92%e5%8d%8a%e8%83%b1%e6%b0%a8%e9%85%b8/" title="查看 硒半胱氨酸 中的全部文章" target="_blank">硒半胱氨酸</a></span>和UAG（TAG）转译为吡咯赖氨酸，随着对<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/genome/" title="基因组" target="_blank">基因组</a></span>序列加深了解，科学家可能还会发现其它非标准的转译方式</pre>
<p> 原来氨基酸序列里的U是指非标准的氨基酸：<strong><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e7%a1%92%e5%8d%8a%e8%83%b1%e6%b0%a8%e9%85%b8/" title="查看 硒半胱氨酸 中的全部文章" target="_blank">硒半胱氨酸</a></span></strong></p>
<p> 下面再来看看<strong>硒半胱氨酸</strong>的介绍：<strong></strong></p>
<pre> 硒半胱胺酸是一种氨基酸，存在于少数一些酶中，如谷胱甘肽过氧化酶、甲状腺素5'-脱碘酶、硫氧还蛋白还原酶、甲酸脱氢酶、甘胺酸还原酶和一些氢化酶等。</pre>
<pre> 在遗传密码中，硒半胱胺酸的编码是UGA，通常用作终止密码子。但如果在mRNA中有一个硒半胱胺酸插入序列(SElenoCysteine Insertion Sequence, SECIS)，UGA就用作硒半胱胺酸的编码。</pre>
<p> 而<a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/entrez.php?acc=NM_001039848&amp;format=gb">NM_001039848</a>基因刚好是 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase）。</p>
<p>一切疑问都已解答。~</p>
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		<slash:comments>6</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Blastp/PSI-BLAST/PHI-BLAST 的详细介绍</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1010/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/1010/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2009 08:58:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Blastp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[PHI-BLAST]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[PSI-BLAST]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[生物信息软件]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.liucheng.name/?p=1010</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[PSI-BLAST : 敏感度更高的蛋白序列与蛋白序列之间的比对;PHI-BLAST, 模式发现迭代BLAST, 用蛋白查询来搜索蛋白数据库的一个程序。仅仅找出那些查询序列中含有的特殊模式的对齐。Blastp: 标准的蛋白序列与蛋白序列之间的比对<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blastp/" title="查看 Blastp 中的全部文章" target="_blank">Blastp</a></span>/PSI-<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="Blast" target="_blank">Blast</a></span>/<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/phi-blast/" title="查看 PHI-BLAST 中的全部文章" target="_blank">PHI-BLAST</a></span>都是蛋白<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>与蛋白序列之间的Blast比对。</p>
<h3>1，Blastp: 标准的蛋白序列与蛋白序列之间的比对</h3>
<p>Standard protein BLAST is designed for protein searches.</p>
<p>Blastp用于确定查询的氨基酸序列在蛋白数据库中找到相似的序列。跟其它的Blast程序一样，目的是要找到相似的区域。<span id="more-1010"></span></p>
<h3>2，<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/psi-blast/" title="查看 PSI-BLAST 中的全部文章" target="_blank">PSI-BLAST</a></span> : 敏感度更高的蛋白序列与蛋白序列之间的比对</h3>
<p><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/psi-blast/" title="查看 PSI-BLAST 中的全部文章" target="_blank">PSI-BLAST</a></span> is designed for more sensitive protein-protein similarity searches.</p>
<p>Position-Specific Iterated (PSI)-BLAST，是一种更加高灵敏的Blastp程序，对于发现远亲物种的相似蛋白或某个蛋白家族的新成员非常有效。当你使用标准的Blastp比对失败时，或比对的结果仅仅是一些假基因或推测的基因序列时（"hypothetical protein" or "similar to..."），你可以选择PSI-BLAST重新试试。</p>
<h3>3，PHI-BLAST : 模式发现迭代BLAST</h3>
<p>PHI-BLAST can do a restricted protein pattern search.</p>
<p>PHI-BLAST, 模式发现迭代BLAST, 用蛋白查询来搜索蛋白数据库的一个程序。仅仅找出那些查询序列中含有的特殊模式的对齐。</p>
<p>PHI的语法详细介绍看这里：<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/html/PHIsyntax.html">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/html/PHIsyntax.html</a> （不过，不是太明白）</p>
<p>Lc.注：翻译得不好，请多多见谅。</p>
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		<slash:comments>4</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>BlastN/MegaBlast/Discontiguous MegaBlast 的区别</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1009/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/1009/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2009 08:56:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[BlastN]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Discontiguous MegaBlast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[MegaBlast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[生物信息软件]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.liucheng.name/?p=1009</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[MEGABLAST : 主要用来鉴定一段新的核酸序列, 速度快。同一物种间的。Discontiguous MEGABLAST : 灵敏度（sensitivity）更高，用于更精确的比对。主要用于跨物种之间的同源比对。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>三者之间的共同之处就是 <span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blastn/" title="查看 BlastN 中的全部文章" target="_blank">BlastN</a></span>/Mega<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="查看 blast 中的全部文章" target="_blank">blast</a></span>/Discontiguous mega<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="查看 blast 中的全部文章" target="_blank">blast</a></span> 都是<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blastn/" title="查看 BlastN 中的全部文章" target="_blank">BlastN</a></span>,就是核酸<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>比对核酸序列的算法。</p>
<h3>简单而言</h3>
<p><strong>BlastN</strong> : 应该是出现较早的算法。比对的速度慢，但允许更短序列的比对（如短到7个碱基的序列）。</p>
<p><strong>MEGABLAST </strong>: 主要用来鉴定一段新的核酸序列，它并不注重比对各个碱基的不同和序列片断的同源性，而只注重被比对序列是否是数据库未收录的，是否为新的提交序列或基因。 速度快。同一物种间的。</p>
<p><strong>Discontiguous MEGABLAST</strong> : 灵敏度（sensitivity）更高，用于更精确的比对。主要用于跨物种之间的同源比对。<span id="more-1009"></span></p>
<h3>详细解释</h3>
<p><strong>1，MEGABLAST 常被用于鉴定核酸序列</strong></p>
<p>MEGABLAST is the tool of choice to identify a nucleotide sequence.</p>
<p><strong>MegaBLAST</strong>也是一种BLASTN程序，不过它主要是用来在非常相似的序列之间（来自同一物种）比对同源性的。</p>
<p>鉴定某一段核酸序列是否存在于数据库，最好的方法是选择MEGABLAST。如果比对到的序列在数据库中注释完整的话，那该序列丰富的注释可以当作新序列的参考。当然，BlastN/MEGABLAST/Discontiguous MEGABLAST，都可以完成这种事情。但MEGABLAST就是特别设计用于非常相似序列之间的比对，可用于寻找查询序列的最佳匹配的序列。<br />
<strong>2，Discontiguous MEGABLAST 更好地用于查找不同物种的相似的核酸序列，而不是与查询序列相同（identical）物种的。</strong></p>
<p>Discontiguous MEGABLAST is better at finding nucleotide sequences similar, but not identical, to your nucleotide query.</p>
<p><strong>Discontiguous MEGABLAST</strong>，用于跨物种核酸序列快速比对。它使用非重叠群字段匹配算法（noncontiguous word match）来进行核酸比对。Discontiguous MegaBLAST比blastx等翻译后比对要快得多，同时它在比较编码区时也具有相当高的敏感度。</p>
<p>但是需要指出的是，核酸与核酸之间的比对并不是发现同源蛋白编码区域的最佳方法，直接在蛋白水平用Blastp比对更好。这是因为密码子的简并性。(Lc.注：翻译得有些拗口，多多见谅！)</p>
<p>Discontiguous MEGABLAST详细介绍：<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/discontiguous.html">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/discontiguous.html</a></p>
<p>原文：<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/producttable.shtml#tab31">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/producttable.shtml#tab31</a></p>
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		<title>BLAST 核酸/氨基酸序列相似性比较的工具</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1008/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/1008/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2009 08:53:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[本地Blast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[生物信息软件]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[相似性比较]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.liucheng.name/?p=1008</guid>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>　<strong><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="Blast" target="_blank">Blast</a></span></strong> (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)是一套在蛋白质数据库或DNA数据库中进行<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e7%9b%b8%e4%bc%bc%e6%80%a7%e6%af%94%e8%be%83/" title="查看 相似性比较 中的全部文章" target="_blank">相似性比较</a></span>的分析工具。BLAST程序能迅速与公开数据库进行相似性<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>比较。BLAST结果中的得分是对一种对相似性的统计说明。</p>
<p>　　BLAST 采用一种局部的算法获得两个序列中具有相似性的序列。如果您想进一步了解BLAST算法，您可以参考<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="NCBI" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>的BLAST Course ，该页有BLAST算法的介绍。 <span id="more-1008"></span></p>
<h3>
　　BLAST的功能</h3>
<p>　　BLAST对一条或多条序列(可以是任何形式的序列)在一个或多个核酸或蛋白序列库中进行比对。BLAST还能发现具有缺口的能比对上的序列。</p>
<p>　　BLAST是基于Altschul等人在J.Mol.Biol上发表的方法(J.Mol.Biol.215:403-410(1990)),在序列数据库中对查询序列进行同源性比对工作。从最初的BLAST发展到现在NCBI提供的BLAST2.0,已将有缺口的比对 序列也考虑在内了。BLAST可处理任何数量的序列,包括蛋白序列和核算序列;也可选择多个数据库但数据库必须是同一类型的,即要么都是蛋白数据库要么都是核酸数据库。</p>
<p>       所查询的序列和调用的数据库则可 以是任何形式的组合,既可以是核酸序列到蛋白库中作查询,也可以是蛋白序列到蛋白库中作查询,反之亦然。</p>
<h3>
　　BLAST包含的程序：</h3>
<p>　　1、BLASTP是蛋白序列到蛋白库中的一种查询。库中存在的每条已知序列将逐一地同每条所查序列作一对一的序列比对。</p>
<p>　　2、BLASTX是核酸序列到蛋白库中的一种查询。先将核酸序列翻译成蛋白序列（一条核酸序列会被翻译成可能的六条蛋白），再对每一条作一对一的蛋白序列比对。</p>
<p>　　3、BLASTN是核酸序列到核酸库中的一种查询。库中存在的每条已知序列都将同所查序列作一对一地核酸序列比对。</p>
<p> 　　4、TBLASTN是蛋白序列到核酸库中的一种查询。与BLASTX相反，它是将库中的核酸序列翻译成蛋白序列，再同所查序列作蛋白与蛋白的比对。</p>
<p>　　5、TBLASTX是核酸序列到核酸库中的一种查询。此种查询将库中的核酸序列和所查的核酸序列都翻译成蛋白（每条核酸序列会产生6条可能的蛋白序列），这样每次比对会产生36种比对阵列。</p>
<p>　　通常根据查询序列的类型（蛋白或核酸）来决定选用何种BLAST。假如是作核酸－核酸查询，有两种BLAST供选择，通常默认为BLASTN。如要用TBLASTX也可，但记住此时不考虑缺口。</p>
<p>　　BLAST适用于本地查询。可以下载公共数据库，对于该数据库的更新和维护是必不可少的。如果要直接到网上查询也可以（即ＮetＢlast），但记住如果你认为自己的序列很有价值的话，还是谨慎为宜。</p>
<h3>　　如何访问在线的BLAST功能服务?</h3>
<p>　　您只要通过浏览器访问Blast主页(<a href="http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/</a>) 。所有的查询和分析都通过浏览器来完成，就象您在您的本地机上一样方便和快捷。</p>
<p>来源于网络</p>
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