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	<title>柳城 &#187; NCBI</title>
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		<title>Blast的汇总，从入门到应用</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1299/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 18 May 2010 03:21:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NCBI]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Blast是真是非常常用的一个生物信息工具。只要是接触过序列的朋友，没玩过Blast，那好像是不大可能的。今天就来汇总一下，关于Blast的文章。包括Blast介绍。Blast的下载。本地Blast。与NCBI的Blast。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="Blast" target="_blank">Blast</a></span>是真是非常常用的一个生物信息工具。只要是接触过<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>的朋友，没玩过Blast，那好像是不大可能的。</p>
<p>Blast基本上也就是生物信息的入门工具。虽说是入门，但要真正学好，还是蛮复杂的。但是常用的，还是要了解一些的。</p>
<p>今天就来汇总一下，关于Blast的文章。包括Blast介绍。Blast的下载。本地Blast。与<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="NCBI" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>的Blast。</p>
<p>都是热门啊。<span id="more-1299"></span></p>
<h3>Blast入门</h3>
<h4>1，什么是Blast?</h4>
<p>BLAST 核酸/氨基酸序列相似性比较的工具:  <a href="http://liucheng.name/1008/">http://liucheng.name/1008/</a></p>
<p>Blast (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)是一套在蛋白质数据库或DNA数据库中进行相似性比较的分析工具。BLAST程序能迅速与公开数据库进行相似性序列比较......................</p>
<h4>2，<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="查看 NCBI 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span> 里用到的几种不同的Blast（核酸的）</h4>
<p>BlastN/MegaBlast/Discontiguous MegaBlast 的区别： <a href="http://liucheng.name/1009/">http://liucheng.name/1009/</a></p>
<p>三者之间的共同之处就是 BlastN/Mega<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="查看 blast 中的全部文章" target="_blank">blast</a></span>/Discontiguous mega<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="查看 blast 中的全部文章" target="_blank">blast</a></span> 都是BlastN,就是核酸序列比对核酸序列的算法.............</p>
<h4>3，NCBI 里用到的几种不同的Blast（蛋白的）</h4>
<p>Blastp/PSI-BLAST/PHI-BLAST 的详细介绍：<a href="http://liucheng.name/1010/">http://liucheng.name/1010/</a></p>
<p>Blastp/PSI-Blast/PHI-BLAST都是蛋白序列与蛋白序列之间的Blast比对..............</p>
<h4>4，NCBI里的各个Blast库</h4>
<p>NCBI在线blast数据库的简要说明：<a href="http://liucheng.name/476/">http://liucheng.name/476/</a></p>
<h3>Blast下载</h3>
<p>最新版的blast下载：<a href="http://liucheng.name/785/">http://liucheng.name/785/</a></p>
<p>你可以直接通过登陆到NCBI的FTP直接下载。通过迅雷和快车等工具也是可以的。</p>
<pre>ftp  <a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</a></pre>
<h3>本地Blast的构建</h3>
<ul>
<li>如何构建本地Blast？ <a href="http://liucheng.name/478/">http://liucheng.name/478/</a></li>
<li>本地blast的详细用法：<a href="http://liucheng.name/39/">http://liucheng.name/39/</a></li>
<li>blast formatdb 介绍：<a href="http://liucheng.name/569/">http://liucheng.name/569/</a></li>
</ul>
<p>在对核苷酸或蛋白质序列数据库进行Blast搜索之前，必须要对所使用的序列数据库进行formatdb， 即对序列数 据库进行格式化，这是所有使用BLAST所必须的一步。</p>
<ul>
<li>构建Web页面的Blast(windows/<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/linux/" title="Linux" target="_blank">Linux</a></span>)：<a href="http://liucheng.name/787/">http://liucheng.name/787/</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>NCBI Blast的应用</h3>
<ul>
<li>NCBI在线Blast的图文说明：<a href="http://liucheng.name/475/">http://liucheng.name/475/</a></li>
<li>图文讲解如何用Blast验证引物：<a href="http://liucheng.name/553/">http://liucheng.name/553/</a></li>
<li>图文讲解如何用Blast验证引物-补充说明：<a href="http://liucheng.name/636/">http://liucheng.name/636/</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>高级应用：批量Blsat</h3>
<ul>
<li>如何批量Blast（本地）：<a href="http://liucheng.name/1221/">http://liucheng.name/1221/</a></li>
<li>教程：在NCBI批量Blast：<a href="http://yunbio.com/49">http://yunbio.com/49</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>高级应用：<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/bioperl/" title="BioPerl" target="_blank">BioPerl</a></span>与Blast</h3>
<ul>
<li><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/bioperl/" title="Bioperl" target="_blank">Bioperl</a></span>:使用和解析 BLAST：<a href="http://liucheng.name/400/">http://liucheng.name/400/</a></li>
<li>用BioPerl解析blast的代码：<a href="http://liucheng.name/875/">http://liucheng.name/875/</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Blast的BUG与注意</h3>
<ul>
<li>发现低版本Blast程序的一个BUG与非标准密码子：<a href="http://liucheng.name/1109/">http://liucheng.name/1109/</a></li>
<li>Blast2.2.21版本的一个BUG：<a href="http://liucheng.name/1219/">http://liucheng.name/1219/</a></li>
</ul>
<p>某些Blast版本是存在BUG的。一般情况下不容易碰到。最好的做法还是要及时升级到最新版本。</p>
<p>~完。连我自己都惊讶。一整理。居然有好多文章。</p>
<div class="similarity"><h3>有点相关的文章</h3><ul><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/48/">本地blast下载</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/475/">NCBI在线Blast的图文说明</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/476/">NCBI在线blast数据库的简要说明</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/791/">NCBI工具:BLAST 2 Sequences的用法</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/1141/">Notice: NCBI系统维护</a> (1.000)</li><li><a href="http://liucheng.name/575/">生物信息学的现状与展望</a> (RANDOM - 0.500)</li></ul></div><!-- Mix --><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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		<slash:comments>48</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Notice: NCBI系统维护</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1141/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/1141/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 13 Nov 2009 15:21:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[BankIt]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NCBI]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[PubMed]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://liucheng.name/?p=1141</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[NCBI系统维护，北京时间：2009/11/14  4:00AM ~ 11/15号 9:00AM。在这段时间期间，PubMed、Blast等服务将受到影响，出现间隔性地缓慢（如果出现NCBI上不了也是属于正常的）。还有，像数据提交这类系统，如BankIt，GEO, SRA，PubChem等将会暂时停用。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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</table>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="NCBI" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>系统维护，北京时间：2009/11/14  4:00AM ~ 11/15号 9:00AM</p>
<p>在这段时间期间，<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/832/" title="PubMed" target="_blank">PubMed</a></span>、<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="Blast" target="_blank">Blast</a></span>等服务将受到影响，出现间隔性地缓慢（如果出现<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="查看 NCBI 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>上不了也是属于正常的）。</p>
<p>还有，像数据提交这类系统，如<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/bankit/" title="查看 BankIt 中的全部文章" target="_blank">BankIt</a></span>，GEO, SRA，PubChem等将会暂时停用。<span id="more-1141"></span></p>
<p>原文如下：</p>
<h3>Notice: Upcoming Systems Maintenance</h3>
<p>NCBI services will undergo maintenance beginning <strong>Friday, November 13 at 3:00 PM</strong> until <strong>Saturday, November 14 at 8:00 PM</strong> (EST).</p>
<p>During this time retrieval resources such as <span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/pubmed/" title="查看 PubMed 中的全部文章" target="_blank">PubMed</a></span> and BLAST will be operational but may be intermittently slow.</p>
<p>Web and FTP data submission to systems such as GenBank (BankIt), GEO, SRA and PubChem will be unavailable.</p>
<p>For questions please contact NCBI: <a href="mailto:info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</a>.</p>
<h3>截个图：</h3>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Upcoming-Systems-Maintenance.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1142" title="tice: NCBI系统维护" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Upcoming-Systems-Maintenance.png" alt="tice: NCBI系统维护" width="432" height="365" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Notice: NCBI系统维护</p>
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		<slash:comments>20</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>NCBI和PubMed改版</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1097/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/1097/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 02 Nov 2009 11:39:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NCBI]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[PubMed]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://liucheng.name/?p=1097</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[NCBI是美国国立卫生院建设的关于生物医学网站，提供文献、基因序列、蛋白序列等的功能性数据库。PubMed是美国国家医学图书馆 (NLM) 所属的国家生物技术信息中心 (NCBI) 开发的因特网生物医学信息检索系统。PubMed数据库目前存放有超过一千九百万的生物医学类的文献。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>这里所说的改版是首页版面的改版。截几张图。</p>
<h3><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="NCBI" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>简介</h3>
<p><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="查看 NCBI 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>是美国国立卫生院建设的关于生物医学网站，提供文献、基因<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>、蛋白序列等的功能性数据库，其<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="Blast" target="_blank">Blast</a></span>分析功能和<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/832/" title="PubMed" target="_blank">PubMed</a></span>文献为广大科研工作者提供了极大的方便。</p>
<p>详细：<a href="http://liucheng.name/303/" target="_blank">NCBI(美国国立生物技术信息中心)简介</a></p>
<p><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="查看 NCBI 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>的首页正在准备改版。过不久，就会把新的放出来。看两张图对比一下。<span id="more-1097"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/NCBI_Home.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1098" title="NCBI首页（即将成为历史）" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/NCBI_Home.png" alt="NCBI首页（即将成为历史）" width="341" height="300" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">NCBI首页（即将成为历史）</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/NCBI_Home_new.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1099" title="新的NCBI首页" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/NCBI_Home_new-300x198.png" alt="新的NCBI首页" width="300" height="198" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">新的NCBI首页</p>
<h3><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/pubmed/" title="查看 PubMed 中的全部文章" target="_blank">PubMed</a></span>改版</h3>
<p>PubMed是美国国家医学图书馆 (NLM) 所属的国家生物技术信息中心 (NCBI) 开发的因特网生物医学信息检索系统，位于美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）的平台上。PubMed数据库目前存放有超过一千九百万的生物医学类的文献。</p>
<p>详细参考：<a href="http://liucheng.name/832/" target="_blank">PubMed使用指南</a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/PubMed.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1100" title="新的PubMed版面" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/PubMed-300x221.png" alt="新的PubMed版面" width="300" height="221" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">新的PubMed版面</p>
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		<title>(译文)NCBI发布版本37的人类基因组序列</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1079/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/1079/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 26 Oct 2009 11:21:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NCBI]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NCBI News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[人类基因组]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[GRC联盟是由英国Wellcome Trust Sanger研究中心（the Wellcome Trust Sanger Center）、华盛顿大学基因组中心（The Washington University Genome Center）、欧洲生物信息研究所（the European Bioinformatics Institute）和美国国家生物技术信息中心（NCBI）联合组成。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>原标题：<strong>The Genome Reference Consortium Human Genome Build 37 now Available</strong>。其中“The Genome Reference Consortium”，找了好久都找不到正确的翻译。按我的理解，可译为<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/genome/" title="基因组" target="_blank">基因组</a></span>参照<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>联盟（The Genome Reference Consortium，简称GRC）。</p>
<p> 在2009年8月份，<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="NCBI" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>发布了版本37的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e4%ba%ba%e7%b1%bb%e5%9f%ba%e5%9b%a0%e7%bb%84/" title="查看 人类基因组 中的全部文章" target="_blank">人类基因组</a></span>序列（build 37 of the human genome）。这个版本包含了由GRC提供的新测序的序列和新组装的序列。</p>
<h3> GRC联盟</h3>
<p> GRC联盟是由英国Wellcome Trust Sanger研究中心（the Wellcome Trust Sanger Center）、华盛顿大学基因组中心（The Washington University Genome Center）、欧洲生物信息研究所（the European <span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/category/bioinformatics/" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></span> Institute）和美国国家生物技术信息中心（<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="查看 NCBI 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>）联合组成。<span id="more-1079"></span></p>
<h3> Human Genome Build 37</h3>
<p> GRC的目标是要修正那些不能装配或是错位的区域，努力让目前存的染色体序列的gaps消失。版本37（Build 37），或是称之为GRCh37，在版本36的基础上，更新了<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e4%ba%ba%e7%b1%bb%e5%9f%ba%e5%9b%a0%e7%bb%84/" title="查看 人类基因组 中的全部文章" target="_blank">人类基因组</a></span>的所有染色体，接合了25处序列的gaps，修正超过了150处有问题的序列，并且加了9个alternate loci。</p>
<p> 关于GRC的详细信息，你可以访问GRC的首页：</p>
<p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/assembly/grc/human/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/assembly/grc/human/</a></p>
<p> 通过NCBI的数据库和工具，如the <strong><span class='wp_keywordlink'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="Entrez" target="_blank">Entrez</a></span> system</strong>, the <strong>graphical</strong> sequence viewer, the<strong> Map Viewer</strong>, and the NCBI Web<strong> <span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="Blast" target="_blank">Blast</a></span></strong> services等，也可以很容易找到这些序列的注释信息。</p>
<h3> GRCh37 Sequences at NCBI</h3>
<p> 最初组装好的染色体序列的命令为：accession号 从<strong>CM000663</strong>到 <strong>CM000686</strong>。包含了22条常染色体，再加上X和Y性染色体。另外的9个<strong>alternate loci</strong>来自：</p>
<p> the UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2, polypeptide B17 gene (UGT2B17) on chromosome 4 (accession GL000257); the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) on chromosome 6 (accessions GL000250 through GL000256); and the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene on chromosome 17 (accession GL000258).</p>
<p>注：染色体4的UGT2B17（accession <strong>GL000257</strong>）、染色体6的主要组织相容性复合体（accessions从<strong> GL000250</strong> 到 <strong>GL000256</strong>）、和染色体17的微管结合蛋白基因（accession<strong> GL000258</strong>）</p>
<p> NCBI在此基础上，经过专家注释了31个参照序列（<strong>The NCBI genome annotation pipeline has created a corresponding set of 31 reference sequences (RefSeqs)），</strong>下面表1列出了GRCh37在<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/381/" title="RefSeq" target="_blank">RefSeq</a></span>和Genbank数据库之间的相互关系。</p>
<h4>Table 1:</h4>
<p align="left">Correspondence of GenBank, RefSeq accession numbers, and assembled sequences for the GRCh37 reference genome.（GRCh37的RefSeq的accession号和Genbank的accession号的一一对应）</p>
<table class="t_table" style="width: 590px; height: 515px;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="590">
<thead>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><strong>GenBank <span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/accession/" title="Accession" target="_blank">Accession</a></span></strong></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><strong>RefSeq Accession</strong></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><strong>Description</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000663.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000663</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000001.10" target="pmc_ext">NC_000001</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 1</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000664.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000664</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000002.11" target="pmc_ext">NC_000002</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 2</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000665.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000665</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000003.11" target="pmc_ext">NC_000003</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 3</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000666.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000666</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000004.11" target="pmc_ext">NC_000004</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 4</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000667.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000667</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000005.9" target="pmc_ext">NC_000005</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 5</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000668.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000668</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000006.11" target="pmc_ext">NC_000006</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 6</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000669.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000669</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000007.13" target="pmc_ext">NC_000007</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 7</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000670.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000670</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000008.10" target="pmc_ext">NC_000008</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 8</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000671.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000671</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000009.11" target="pmc_ext">NC_000009</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 9</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000672.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000672</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000010.10" target="pmc_ext">NC_000010</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 10</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000673.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000673</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000011.9" target="pmc_ext">NC_000011</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 11</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000674.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000674</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000012.11" target="pmc_ext">NC_000012</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 12</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000675.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000675</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000013.10" target="pmc_ext">NC_000013</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 13</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000676.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000676</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000014.9" target="pmc_ext">NC_000014</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 14</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000677.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000677</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000015.9" target="pmc_ext">NC_000015</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 15</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000678.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000678</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000016.9" target="pmc_ext">NC_000016</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 16</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000679.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000679</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000017.10" target="pmc_ext">NC_000017</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 17</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000680.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000680</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000018.9" target="pmc_ext">NC_000018</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 18</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000681.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000681</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000019.9" target="pmc_ext">NC_000019</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 19</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000682.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000682</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000020.10" target="pmc_ext">NC_000020</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 20</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000683.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000683</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000021.8" target="pmc_ext">NC_000021</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 21</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000684.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000684</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000022.10" target="pmc_ext">NC_000022</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome 22</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000685.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000685</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000023.10" target="pmc_ext">NC_000023</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome X</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000686.1" target="pmc_ext">CM000686</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000024.9" target="pmc_ext">NC_000024</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">Chromosome Y</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/GL000250.1" target="pmc_ext">GL000250</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NT_167244.1" target="pmc_ext">NT_167244</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">MHC Region (ALT_REF_LOCI_1)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/GL000251.1" target="pmc_ext">GL000251</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NT_113891.1" target="pmc_ext">NT_113891</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">MHC Region (ALT_REF_LOCI_2)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/GL000252.1" target="pmc_ext">GL000252</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NT_167245.1" target="pmc_ext">NT_167245</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">MHC Region (ALT_REF_LOCI_3)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/GL000253.1" target="pmc_ext">GL000253</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NT_167246.1" target="pmc_ext">NT_167246</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">MHC Region (ALT_REF_LOCI_4)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/GL000254.1" target="pmc_ext">GL000254</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NT_167247.1" target="pmc_ext">NT_167247</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">MHC Region (ALT_REF_LOCI_5)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/GL000255.1" target="pmc_ext">GL000255</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NT_167248.1" target="pmc_ext">NT_167248</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">MHC Region (ALT_REF_LOCI_6)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/GL000256.1" target="pmc_ext">GL000256</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NT_167249.1" target="pmc_ext">NT_167249</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">MHC Region (ALT_REF_LOCI_7)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/GL000257.1" target="pmc_ext">GL000257</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NT_167250.1" target="pmc_ext">NT_167250</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">UGT2B17 Region (ALT_REF_LOCI_8)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/GL000258.1" target="pmc_ext">GL000258</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NT_167251.1" target="pmc_ext">NT_167251</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">MAPT Region (ALT_REF_LOCI_9)</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>在NCBI检索CRCh37的序列</h3>
<p> 直接在NCBI的Entrez检索系统，用关键词GRCh37[Title]，返回的结果就是全部的GRCh37记录，目前全部有564个记录。</p>
<p> 例如图1显示了染色体4（<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000004.11" target="pmc_ext">NC_000004</a>）的记录。序列比较短时，用过这个界面来查看就比较方便的，但有时序列太长（如染色体的全长序列），这样的显示是非常困难的。这时，你可以点击Format中的<strong>Graphics</strong>，转用NCBI的the graphical sequence viewer工具来查看。</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/sept09_addin_testimage1.jpg" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1080" title="Figure 1: Chromosome 4 record from the GRCh37 primary reference assembly" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/sept09_addin_testimage1-225x300.jpg" alt="Figure 1: Chromosome 4 record from the GRCh37 primary reference assembly" width="225" height="300" /></a><strong></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Figure 1: Chromosome 4 record from the GRCh37 primary reference assembly</strong>. <em><span style="color: #ff0000;">Top panel</span></em>. The GenBank record display in Entrez showing the controls that allow changing features and sequence options. The “Graphics report” option at the top of the page provides access to the graphical sequence viewer. <em><span style="color: #ff0000;">Bottom panel</span></em>. The UGT2B17 region of chromosome 4 in the graphical sequence viewer. The alternate locus for this region is the null allele for UGT2B17. </p>
<h2>Summary</h2>
<p align="left">最后是Summary，这个就懒得翻译了，原文放出。</p>
<p align="left">The genome reference consortium (GRC) build 37 provides a more accurate and improved representation of the human genome by correcting errors, closing gaps, and providing alternate representations of structurally variant regions. The GRC itself, a collaboration among sequencing centers and bioinformatics resource and analysis centers such as the NCBI, will continue to provide the most up to date and accurate sequence and annotation for the reference human genome as additional data and analysis alter the view of the genome. The NCBI Website will continue to offer improved and more powerful visualization and analysis tools for investigating the human genome.</p>
<p align="left"> 更详细的内容，请查看原文：<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=newsncbi&amp;part=JIXMIE475.bid.1#JIXMIE475.Featured1_1" target="_blank">Featured Resource: The Genome Reference Consortium Human Genome Build 37 now Available</a>（<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi-news/" title="查看 NCBI News 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI News</a></span>, September 2009）</p>
<p> ~!完</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>NCBI查找基因序列:酵母菌的细胞色素C与异柠檬酸裂解酶</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/1043/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/1043/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 12 Oct 2009 01:33:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NCBI]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[异柠檬酸裂解酶]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[细胞色素C]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[酵母菌]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://liucheng.name/?p=1043</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[又是一个NCBI查找基因序列的实例分析。虽然我已经写过很多篇了，不过，这方面的需求还是挺大的。这次的NCBI查找基因序列的例子，菌名：酵母菌 (yeast、Saccharomyces cerevisiae)。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>又是一个<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="NCBI" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>查找基因<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>的实例分析。虽然我已经写过很多篇了，不过，这方面的需求还是挺大的。其实只要去google一下，就能找到我以前写的文章，看一看就会了。</p>
<p>一般而言，大多数人的问题是：在<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="查看 NCBI 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>上面总是出来太多结果，无法筛选。</p>
<h3>这次的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="查看 NCBI 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>查找基因序列的例子</h3>
<pre>菌名：<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e9%85%b5%e6%af%8d%e8%8f%8c/" title="查看 酵母菌 中的全部文章" target="_blank">酵母菌</a></span> (yeast、Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
基因：<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e7%bb%86%e8%83%9e%e8%89%b2%e7%b4%a0c/" title="查看 细胞色素C 中的全部文章" target="_blank">细胞色素C</a></span> (Cytochrome C)、<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e5%bc%82%e6%9f%a0%e6%aa%ac%e9%85%b8%e8%a3%82%e8%a7%a3%e9%85%b6/" title="查看 异柠檬酸裂解酶 中的全部文章" target="_blank">异柠檬酸裂解酶</a></span>  (isocitrate lyase)</pre>
<h3><span id="more-1043"></span>大概的思路</h3>
<p>1，先确定英文名。上面已列出。不对的话请自行改正。呵呵。</p>
<p>2，打开NCBI，用yeast关键词在Taxonomy数据库搜索。得出yeast（其实是 <strong>baker's yeast </strong>）的拉丁文是Saccharomyces cerevisiae，并且有一个问题需注意，<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e9%85%b5%e6%af%8d%e8%8f%8c/" title="查看 酵母菌 中的全部文章" target="_blank">酵母菌</a></span>下还是有一些种的。这个在后面继续会提到。再得出酵母菌的txid=4932。看下图：</p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Saccharomyces-cerevisiae.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1044" title="酵母菌的txid=4932" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Saccharomyces-cerevisiae-300x113.png" alt="酵母菌的txid=4932" width="300" height="113" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">酵母菌 (yeast、Saccharomyces cerevisiae)</p>
<p>2，知道了酵母菌的txid=4932后，接下来就好办了。</p>
<p>关键词：txid4932[Organism:noexp]  数据库：<span style="color: #f00000;">Protein  </span>结果数为<a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein&amp;cmd=Search&amp;dopt=DocSum&amp;term=txid4932[Organism:noexp]"><span style="color: #f00000;">36,451</span></a></p>
<p>关键词：txid4932[Organism:exp] 数据库：<span style="color: #f00000;">Protein <span style="color: #888888;"><span style="color: #000000;">结果数为</span><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein&amp;cmd=Search&amp;dopt=DocSum&amp;term=txid4932[Organism:exp]"><span style="color: #f00000;">64,448</span></a> </span></span></p>
<p> 第二个关键词是包含了酵母菌下的所有种，所以数量多些。至少这个的具体分析，请去找以前的文章吧。</p>
<p>3，上面已经定位到了酵母菌下的所有蛋白的基因了。上面如果要找核酸的，把数据库选择为<strong>Nucleotide</strong>就行了。接下来就是定位到基因某个基因了。</p>
<p>关键词：txid4932[Organism:noexp] "isocitrate lyase" 数据库：<span style="color: #f00000;">Protein  </span>结果为11</p>
<p>关键词：txid4932[Organism:noexp] "Cytochrome C" 数据库：<span style="color: #f00000;">Protein  </span>结果为616</p>
<p><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e5%bc%82%e6%9f%a0%e6%aa%ac%e9%85%b8%e8%a3%82%e8%a7%a3%e9%85%b6/" title="查看 异柠檬酸裂解酶 中的全部文章" target="_blank">异柠檬酸裂解酶</a></span>  (isocitrate lyase) 的结果为11，那这11个基本就是的了。 <span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e7%bb%86%e8%83%9e%e8%89%b2%e7%b4%a0c/" title="查看 细胞色素C 中的全部文章" target="_blank">细胞色素C</a></span> (Cytochrome C)的结果就偏多了，不大紧。接下来再选择属于<strong><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/381/" title="RefSeq" target="_blank">RefSeq</a></span></strong>（NCBI的参考序列）的。NCBI的参考序列都是经过专家注释过的，可信度较高。所以细胞色素C (Cytochrome C)的结果就只有48个了。看下图；</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae_Cytochrome_C.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1045" title="NCBI查找基因序列:酵母菌的细胞色素C与异柠檬酸裂解酶" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae_Cytochrome_C-300x227.png" alt="NCBI查找基因序列:酵母菌的细胞色素C与异柠檬酸裂解酶" width="300" height="227" /></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>最后就是靠自己判断了。看看序列注释信息，验证一下就行了。</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>NCBI查找基因实例 某个菌属下所有菌种的某个基因</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/964/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/964/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2009 05:17:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[16s rDNA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Erwinia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NCBI]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taxonomy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[查找基因]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.liucheng.name/?p=964</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[其实应该叫做：在NCBI查找 某个“属”下所有“种”的某个基因。再具体一点的题目就叫做，查找 Erwinia菌属下所有种的16s rDNA基因。这个方法扩大的“科”下的所有“种”也是同样有效的。
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>关于标题的说明</h3>
<p>某个菌属下所有菌种的某个基因，这个标题有些拗口，先来解释一下。其实应该叫做：在<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="NCBI" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>查找 某个“属”下所有“种”的某个基因。</p>
<p>比方说 <strong>稻属：</strong>光稃稻、粳稻、阔叶稻、糯稻、籼稻等。这里的实例分析是用某个<strong>菌属</strong>做为例子的。</p>
<p>如：<strong><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/erwinia/" title="查看 Erwinia 中的全部文章" target="_blank">Erwinia</a></span></strong> （包括有一百多个菌种，中文名：欧文菌属/欧文氏菌属）。</p>
<p>        基因名关键词名：<strong><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/16s-rdna/" title="查看 16s rDNA 中的全部文章" target="_blank">16s rDNA</a></span></strong></p>
<p>再具体一点的题目就叫做，<strong>查找 Erwinia菌属下所有种的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/16s-rdna/" title="查看 16s rDNA 中的全部文章" target="_blank">16s rDNA</a></span>基因</strong></p>
<p>这个方法扩大的“科”下的所有“种”也是同样有效的。我当然没试验，有兴趣的就去试试。<span id="more-964"></span></p>
<h3>实例分析过程</h3>
<p><strong>第一步：</strong>进入<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="查看 NCBI 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>，用Erwinia关键词搜索，数据库选择<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/taxonomy/" title="查看 Taxonomy 中的全部文章" target="_blank">Taxonomy</a></span>（见图1左）。结果显示Erwinia属下包括了好多的种（见图1右）。</p>
<div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter" style="text-align: center;">
<dl id="attachment_965" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 244px;">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/1L-Erwinia_Taxonomy.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="size-full wp-image-965 " title="用Erwinia关键词搜索，数据库选择Taxonomy" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/1L-Erwinia_Taxonomy.png" alt="用Erwinia关键词搜索，数据库选择Taxonomy" width="234" height="103" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd">图1左</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter" style="text-align: center;">
<dl id="attachment_966" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 162px; text-align: center;">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/1R-Erwinia_Taxonomy.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="size-full wp-image-966 " title="结果显示Erwinia属下包括了好多的种" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/1R-Erwinia_Taxonomy.png" alt="结果显示Erwinia属下包括了好多的种" width="152" height="178" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd">图1右,双击图片放大</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong> </strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>第二步：</strong>点击第一个链接Erwinia（图1右，红色圈住的）。进去后可以看到<strong>Erwinia的taixid是551</strong>（见图2左）。由图2右可知，Erwinia菌属下有137个的菌种，1048个核酸<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>。而单独Erwinia只有2个核酸序列。</p>
<div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter" style="text-align: center;">
<dl id="attachment_967" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 195px; text-align: center;">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/2L-Erwinia_Taxonomy.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="size-full wp-image-967 " title="Erwinia的taixid是551" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/2L-Erwinia_Taxonomy.png" alt="Erwinia的taixid是551" width="185" height="203" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd">图2左,点击图片放大</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter" style="text-align: center;">
<dl id="attachment_968" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 209px; text-align: center;">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/2R-Erwinia_Taxonomy.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="size-full wp-image-968" title="Erwinia菌属下有137个的菌种，1048个核酸序列" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/2R-Erwinia_Taxonomy.png" alt="Erwinia菌属下有137个的菌种，1048个核酸序列" width="199" height="251" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd">图2右,点击图片放大</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p style="text-align: center;"> </p>
<p style="text-align: left;"> <strong>第三步：</strong>点击Subtree links下1048的链接，就可以显示Erwinia菌属下所有的核酸序列了，自动分配的关键词为 <strong>txid551</strong><strong>[Organism:exp]</strong> （见图3左）。我们来看看单独用关键词 txid551 来搜索，结果显示为2个（见图3右）。</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">这说明：txid551关键词搜索的结果是 Erwinia的2个核酸序列。而加上 [Organism:exp] 就表示包含 Erwinia菌属 下所有种的序列。</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">那以后你只要记住这个关键词就行了：<strong>txid551[Organism:exp]</strong> (551换为你需要的物种txid,如小鼠的10090。可通<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/taxonomy/" title="查看 Taxonomy 中的全部文章" target="_blank">Taxonomy</a></span>数据库搜索，见第一步。后面的[Organism:exp]是可选的。)</p>
<div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter" style="text-align: center;">
<dl id="attachment_969" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 247px; text-align: center;">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"> <a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/3L-Erwinia_Taxonomy.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-969" title="自动分配的关键词为 txid551 Organism exp" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/3L-Erwinia_Taxonomy.png" alt="自动分配的关键词为 txid551[Organism:exp] " width="237" height="187" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd">图3左,点击图片放大</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter" style="text-align: center;">
<dl id="attachment_970" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 252px; text-align: center;">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/3R-Erwinia_Taxonomy.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="size-full wp-image-970  " title="用关键词 txid551 来搜索 结果显示为2个" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/3R-Erwinia_Taxonomy.png" alt="用关键词 txid551 来搜索 结果显示为2个" width="242" height="174" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd">图3右,点击图片放大</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong> </strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>第四步：</strong>锁定具体物种后，接下来就是要搜索16s rDNA基因了。</p>
<pre style="text-align: left;">用关键词：txid551[Organism:exp] 16s rDNA (结果见图4左，结果为53个，但明显有好多并不是我们想要的结果)</pre>
<pre style="text-align: left;">用关键词：txid551[Organism:exp] "16s rDNA"（加个双引号，结果见图4中，为11个。大大缩小了范围）</pre>
<p style="text-align: left;">这说明：没有用双引号时会把16s 跟 rDNA都当作关键词，就是说16s 或 rDNA 或 16s rDNA的意思。加上双引号就是表明只有16s rDNA 一种意思了。</p>
<pre style="text-align: left;">再来个对照关键词：erwinia "16s rDNA" （结果见图4右，结果为15个。多了几个干扰的结果，如第一个FJ544326。物种名是Erwinia chrysanthemi。但不是Erwinia菌属的。只是包含有erwinia这个关键词）</pre>
<p style="text-align: left;">这说明：用关键词 txid551 跟 erwinia 是有区别的。txid551更加精确。erwinia的搜索有可能把含有erwinia这个词都会当作结果。</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter" style="text-align: center;">
<dl id="attachment_971" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 239px;">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/4L-txid551_Organism_exp_16s_rDNA.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="size-full wp-image-971" title="用关键词 txid551 Organism exp 16s rDNA " src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/4L-txid551_Organism_exp_16s_rDNA.png" alt="用关键词 txid551 Organism exp 16s rDNA " width="229" height="153" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd">图4左,点击图片放大</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter" style="text-align: center;">
<dl id="attachment_972" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 237px;">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/4M-txid551_Organism_exp_16s_rDNA.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="size-full wp-image-972" title="用关键词 txid551 Organism exp   16s rDNA " src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/4M-txid551_Organism_exp_16s_rDNA.png" alt="用关键词 txid551 Organism exp   16s rDNA " width="227" height="158" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd">图4中,点击图片放大</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter" style="text-align: center;">
<dl id="attachment_973" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 237px; text-align: center;">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/4R-txid551_Organism_exp_16s_rDNA.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="size-full wp-image-973  " title="再来个对照关键词 erwinia 16s rDNA" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/4R-txid551_Organism_exp_16s_rDNA.png" alt="再来个对照关键词 erwinia 16s rDNA" width="227" height="164" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd">图4右,点击图片放大</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">结论:</h2>
<pre style="text-align: left;"><strong>用关键词：</strong>txid551[Organism:exp] "16s rDNA"</pre>
</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>数据库：</strong>Nucleotide （要找蛋白序列就选 Protein）</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">说明：如果这不是最终想要的结果，再继续换其它的关键词。直到满意为止。另外，我只提供方法，结果对错自行判断。</p>
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		<title>如何在NCBI批量下载GenBank序列</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/942/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/942/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 04 Sep 2009 07:26:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[GenBank]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NCBI]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[下载序列]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[生物信息软件]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.liucheng.name/?p=942</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[GenBank的序列很多，有时我们需要批量下载。这里介绍几种办法，如何从NCBI批量下载GenBank序列。有不对的地方，欢迎指正。用NCBI的工具Batch Entrez批量下载序列<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/genbank/" title="查看 GenBank 中的全部文章" target="_blank">GenBank</a></span>的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>很多，有时我们需要批量下载。这里介绍几种办法，如何从<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="NCBI" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>批量下载GenBank序列。有不对的地方，欢迎指正。</p>
<h3>批量下载前须知</h3>
<p>批量下载前，我们必须先清楚，下载大量的数据，对服务器是一种非常大的挑战。对网络也是一种大的挑战。<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="查看 NCBI 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>的数据都是免费提供下载的，所以你要清楚，尽量不要使用多线程的工具下载，因为你的<strong>IP有可能给封</strong>；不要太频繁的大批量下载，中间要有间隔（即使是几秒）；<span id="more-942"></span></p>
<h3>1，用<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="查看 NCBI 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>提供的FTP下载</h3>
<p>NCBI的FTP地址是：<a href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov" target="_blank">ftp.ncbi.nih.gov</a>。打开后里面有个genbank的目录，里面存放的是所有GenBank的序列和<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/accession/" title="Accession" target="_blank">Accession</a></span>的索引。对里面的格式不明白？没关系，先看看说明文档：<a href="ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genbank/README.genbank" target="_blank">ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genbank/README.genbank</a></p>
<p>如果要下载现在的<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/blast/" title="Blast" target="_blank">Blast</a></span>库，打开blast目录。</p>
<p>如果要下载<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/genome/" title="基因组" target="_blank">基因组</a></span>序列，进入genomes目录。</p>
<p>全部的目录：</p>
<pre>ncftp / &gt; ls
1000genomes/        dbgap/              genomes/            pubchem/            repository/         sra0/
asn1-converters@    entrez/             hapmap/             pubmed/             sequin/             sra1/
blast/              fa2htgs/            mmdb/               ramdisk/            sky-cgh/            tech-reports/
cgap/               genbank/            ncbi-asn1/          README.ftp          snp/                toolbox/
cn3d/               gene/               pub/                <span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/381/" title="RefSeq" target="_blank">RefSeq</a></span>/             sra/                tpa/</pre>
<h3>2，用NCBI的工具Batch <span class='wp_keywordlink'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="Entrez" target="_blank">Entrez</a></span>批量<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/%e4%b8%8b%e8%bd%bd%e5%ba%8f%e5%88%97/" title="查看 下载序列 中的全部文章" target="_blank">下载序列</a></span></h3>
<p>Batch Entrez网址：<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/batchentrez">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/batchentrez</a></p>
<p>用这个工具，要求你有一个文件，里面是一个列表，可以是Accession Number，Gi Number，或是NCBI里其它数据库的各种标识符。文件的格式看例子：<a href="http://www.liucheng.name/entrez/example.txt" target="_blank">example.txt</a></p>
<h3>3，用<span class='wp_keywordlink'><a href="http://liucheng.name/" title="柳城博客" target="_blank">柳城博客</a></span>提供的批量下载序列的工具</h3>
<p> <span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="中文Entrez序列查询工具" target="_blank">中文Entrez序列查询工具</a></span>：<a href="http://www.liucheng.name/entrez/">http://www.liucheng.name/entrez/</a></p>
<p>这个工具单个序列的下载也是没问题的。里面也有详情的说明了。这里不再解释。</p>
<p>还有其它的方法？？请留言。！</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>PubMed使用指南</title>
		<link>http://liucheng.name/832/</link>
		<comments>http://liucheng.name/832/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2009 06:06:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>柳城</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[每周精选]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[生物信息学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NCBI]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[PubMed]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[PubMed使用手册]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.liucheng.name/?p=832</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[PubMed是美国国家医学图书馆 (NLM) 所属的国家生物技术信息中心 (NCBI) 开发的因特网生物医学信息检索系统，位于美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）的平台上。该系统通过网络途径免费提供包括MEDLINE在内的自1950年以来全世界70多个国家....<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/832/" title="PubMed" target="_blank">PubMed</a></span>简介</h2>
<p><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/pubmed/" title="查看 PubMed 中的全部文章" target="_blank">PubMed</a></span>是美国国家医学图书馆 (NLM) 所属的国家生物技术信息中心 (<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="NCBI" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>) 开发的因特网生物医学信息检索系统，位于美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）的平台上。该系统通过网络途径免费提供包括MEDLINE在内的自1950年以来全世界70多个国家4300多种主要生物医学文献的书目索引和摘要，并提供部分免费和付费全文链接服务。</p>
<ul>
<li><span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/pubmed/" title="查看 PubMed 中的全部文章" target="_blank">PubMed</a></span>是美国家医学图书馆(NLM)下属的国家生物技术信息中心(<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="查看 NCBI 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span>)开发的、基于WWW的查询系统。</li>
<li>PubMed是<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/tag/ncbi/" title="查看 NCBI 中的全部文章" target="_blank">NCBI</a></span> <span class='wp_keywordlink'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="Entrez" target="_blank">Entrez</a></span> 数个数据库查询系统下中的一个。</li>
<li>PubMed 是提供免费的MEDLINE、PREMEDLINE与其他相关数据库接入服务，MEDLINE是一个拥有1亿字条以上的巨大数据库。</li>
<li>PubMed也包含着与提供期刊全文的出版商网址的链接，来自第三方的生物 学数据，<span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/entrez/" title="序列" target="_blank">序列</a></span>中心的数据等等。</li>
<li>PubMed提供与综合分子生物学数据库的链接与接入服务，这个数据库归NCBI所有，其内容包括：DNA与蛋白质序列，基因图数据、3D蛋白构象，人类孟德尔遗传在线。<span id="more-832"></span></li>
</ul>
<h2>PubMed使用指南</h2>
<h3>1，  PubMed使用指南之：如何获取PubMed全文？</h3>
<p>当很多人开始了解PubMed，并且逐渐得心应手的时候，都会面临一个棘手的问题，即如何获取全文？的确，PubMed真正向公众（public）免费开放的只是摘要部分，而绝大部分文章都没有全文提供。其实，只要我们掌握一些技巧，还是有可能获得一些文章的全文的。</p>
<h4>一、PubMed</h4>
<p>PubMed上约有5％的文献是可以免费看到全文的，通常这些文献的左上角会有一个Free Full Text的小标记（ ）。你只要点击这个图标，系统就自动链接入该文献的全文。但有两点值得注意的是，第一，很多时候，这个图标在PubMed处于显示简要（summary)状态下并不出现，而只有在选择显示摘要（abstract)时才出现。因此，如果你不只是泛泛浏览，而希望看到全文的话，我强烈建议你在display下拉菜单中选择摘要（abstract)状态。第二，有些时候，小图标上仅标着Full Text，而并没有Free字样，但仍然可以链接入全文，你不妨试一试（<a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/free_full_text.jpg" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-833" title="PubMed使用指南之：如何获取PubMed全文？" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/free_full_text.jpg" alt="PubMed使用指南之：如何获取PubMed全文？" width="161" height="40" /></a><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/full_text.jpg" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-834" title="PubMed使用指南之：如何获取PubMed全文？" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/full_text.jpg" alt="PubMed使用指南之：如何获取PubMed全文？" width="121" height="39" /></a> ）。</p>
<h4>二、免费提供全文的期刊</h4>
<p>有些期刊就提供全文免费检索。比如著名的美国Science(科学）杂志。</p>
<p>方法如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>（1）先登录Science网址:http://intl.sciencemag.org 。注意，不是www.sciencemag.org,否则你得不到全文。</li>
<li>（2）点击中间那个SEARCH按钮，就进入查询页了。你可以选择简单检索还是复杂检索。</li>
<li>（3）输入您要找的关键词（不一定是MESH标准主题词），再点击search就可以了。</li>
<li>（4）找出文章后，点击标题后的Full Text，就可以浏览原文了。</li>
</ul>
<p>除了Science，其他一些期刊如美国科学院院报（PNAS)，Genetics等都可以在网上获取全文，甚至能够下载文献的pdf格式，这样就和真正在期刊上的排版形式一模一样了。一般而言，那些相应期刊的网址是以org为域名的，往往提供免费的全文。例如上面提到的两家期刊的网址就分别是：www.pnas.org ；www.genetics.org 。</p>
<p>这里，我特别推荐一个提供免费全文的网站 High Wire Press。该网站号称拥有地球上最大最全的免费的科学文献全文数据库。输入网址<a href="http://intl.highwire.org/">http://intl.highwire.org/</a>即可登录该网站，首页即列出几个生物医学相关栏目，包括：</p>
<ul>
<li>1、生命科学（包含：生物化学，细胞和分子生物学 / 微生物学与病毒学 / 免疫与免疫学 / 神经科学与神经生物学 / 生理学 / 植物学 / 其他生命科学 /）</li>
<li>2、医学（包含：心血管医学 / 临床医学 / 精神病学与心理学 / 医学研究 /）</li>
<li>3、自然科学以及其他科学栏目。</li>
</ul>
<p>我个人的建议是，先在PubMed上检索，而仅以High Wire Press作为获取全文的一个途径而已。</p>
<h4>三、利用一些高校图书馆网站</h4>
<p>国内一些高等院校，尤其是一些名牌高校的图书馆经常和国外一些大的出版商签订协议，支付不菲的费用，从而可以检索并看到所有由这些出版商出版的期刊的全文。你可以就近到这些高校的图书馆的电子检索厅去检索，或者链接到大学图书馆的网站（不过一般高校的图书馆网站都不会对外开放的)，然后通过该网站的链接进入相应的检索系统。</p>
<h4>四、向第一作者索要</h4>
<p>这种方法究竟效率如何，没有人统计过，不过在以上方法都没有用时不妨试一试。你可以根据作者的Email地址给作者去封信，这里，我总结的另一个技巧是，向第一作者而不是通信作者要全文。为什么这样说呢？我们知道，一篇医学文献往往有好几个作者。文献上有一个所谓的通信作者，通常是该实验室的老板。既然是老板，往往各种应酬套磁自然颇多，每天email信箱里的信杂七杂八一大堆，而那些明显无关紧要的讯问信件自然就遭受冷落了。</p>
<p>而文献的第一作者，即该实验的主要承担者，应酬不会那么多，有email来讯问或索取文献也乐于答复。那么又如何知道第一作者的email地址呢？其实这很容易，你只要到PubMed上显示出文献摘要，上面亦包括作者的单位，然后从google上找到该单位网址，从网站上通常就不难查找到作者的通信方法。</p>
<h4>六、作者主页</h4>
<p>有些作者会在他们的个人主页或实验室主页上放上所发表论文的全文，你也可以去看看。我就曾经为查找一篇文献的全文尝试了各种方法，最后竟然就在其作者的主页上意外地发现了。大有踏破铁鞋无觅处，得来全不费工夫之感觉。</p>
<h3>2，  PubMed使用指南之：PubMed快速入门</h3>
<h4>如何开始在PubMed搜索？</h4>
<p>首先看段教程视频: <a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/viewlet/search/subject/subject.html" target="_blank"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-835" title="pubmedhelp.quicktourlogo" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/pubmedhelp.quicktourlogo.jpg" alt="pubmedhelp.quicktourlogo" width="57" height="25" /></a></p>
<ol>
<li> 确认搜索的关键词</li>
<li>在搜索框里输入关键词</li>
<li>点击GO搜索。点击演试下面例子的<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Search&amp;db=PubMed&amp;term=pain%20sleep%20disorders" target="_blank">搜索</a></li>
</ol>
<table style="width: 409px; height: 130px;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="t_table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><strong>Example</strong><strong>（例子）</strong><strong> </strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="left">What role does pain have in sleep disorders?</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="left">The key concepts are（关键词是）:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="left">Pain</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="left">sleep disorders</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>如何用作者的名字来搜索？</h4>
<p>首先看段教程视频: <a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/viewlet/search/author/author.html" target="_blank"><img title="pubmedhelp.quicktourlogo" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/pubmedhelp.quicktourlogo.jpg" alt="pubmedhelp.quicktourlogo" width="57" height="25" /></a></p>
<p>在搜索框输入作者的姓氏（last <span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/" title="柳城">name</a></span>），再加上其它开头的第一个字母，点击GO搜索。</p>
<table style="width: 239px; height: 85px;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="t_table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><strong>Example</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="left"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Search&amp;db=PubMed&amp;term=watson%20jd" target="_blank">Watson JD </a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="left"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Search&amp;db=PubMed&amp;term=lederberg%20j" target="_blank">Lederberg J</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>如果仅仅知道作者的last <span class='wp_keywordlink_affiliate'><a href="http://liucheng.name/" title="柳城">name</a></span>，这样在搜索时加上一具限定的标签[au]，如Watson[au]。用作者的全名搜索是用于2002年之前的文章，也就是文章里作者也是用全名时才可以的。</p>
<table style="width: 243px; height: 67px;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="t_table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><strong>Example</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="left"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Search&amp;db=PubMed&amp;term=joshua%20lederberg" target="_blank">Joshua Lederberg</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="left"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Search&amp;db=PubMed&amp;term=garcia%20algar,%20oscar" target="_blank">Garcia Algar, Oscar</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>如何通过杂志名来搜索？</h4>
<ol>
<li>输入杂志名或杂志缩写</li>
<li>其它的想要搜索的关键词</li>
<li> 点GO搜索</li>
</ol>
<table style="width: 665px; height: 104px;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="t_table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><strong>Example</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="left">To search for citations to articles about drosophila in the journal Molecular Biology of the Cell enter the following in the search box（例如要在Molecular Biology of the Cell杂志搜索关于drosophila的文章）:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="left"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Search&amp;db=PubMed&amp;term=molecular%20biology%20of%20the%20cell%20drosophila" target="_blank">molecular biology of the cell drosophila</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>知道了具体的作者名、杂志名、文章的发行年月，怎样才能精确搜索到文章？</h4>
<p>用PubMed的<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/advanced" target="_blank">高级搜索</a></p>
<ol>
<li>在PubMed主页的搜索框旁点击” Advanced Search（高级选项）”</li>
<li>输入作者名、杂志名等，选择其它的限定条件</li>
<li>点击search搜索</li>
</ol>
<p><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/Advanced_Search.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-840" title="知道了具体的作者名、杂志名、文章的发行年月，怎样才能精确搜索到文章？" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/Advanced_Search.png" alt="知道了具体的作者名、杂志名、文章的发行年月，怎样才能精确搜索到文章？" width="524" height="522" /></a></p>
<h4>PubMed搜索后的结果怎样看？</h4>
<p>搜索后的结果以summary format显示，默认情况下每页显示20条结果，最近提交的文章将优先显示的前面。</p>
<p><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/search_result_page.jpg" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-839" title="PubMed搜索后的结果怎样看？" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/search_result_page.jpg" alt="PubMed搜索后的结果怎样看？" width="536" height="350" /></a></p>
<h4>怎样才能看到文章的摘要？</h4>
<p>在搜索的结果点击文章的标题，就能看到文章的摘要。如果有标示着“No abstract available”，表示这篇文章在PubMed没有摘要。</p>
<h4>怎样才能下载PubMed文章？</h4>
<p>在搜索结果的summary format界面，是没有提供电子版的文章下载的。但在文章的摘要界面有提供全文下载的链接。有的是免费的，有的是需要付费才能下载的。这部分的详细内容请参阅：如何获取PubMed全文？</p>
<h4>怎样保存PubMed搜索的结果？</h4>
<p>这里有几种办法保存在PubMed搜索的结果，包含用Clipboard临时保存结果（保存时间为8个小时和最多保存500个结果）和用My NCBI（需要注册）来永久保存结果等。</p>
<ol>
<li>在需要保存的文章前打上勾</li>
<li> 用Send to菜单，选择Clipboard，看图。</li>
<li>要查看保存的结果，点击Clipboard菜单。</li>
</ol>
<p>另外，你还可以用其它方法来保存；</p>
<ol>
<li>用E-mail来订阅搜索的结果。看上面，在Send to菜单选择Email</li>
<li>直接把搜索结果的页面收藏</li>
<li>另存为文件，在Send to菜单选择Text或File</li>
<li>用RSS来订阅。在Send to菜单选择RSS</li>
</ol>
<p> </p>
<h4>搜索后的结果太多，怎样才能挑选需要的？</h4>
<ol>
<li>用更精确的关键词来代替一般的搜索关键词</li>
<li> 再加搜索的关键词</li>
<li>用PubMed的Limits功能来筛选搜索的结果</li>
</ol>
<table style="width: 669px; height: 95px;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="t_table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><strong>Example</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="left">If the search <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Search&amp;db=PubMed&amp;term=pain%20sleep%20disorders" target="pmc_ext">pain sleep disorders</a> retrieves too many citations consider adding more specific search terms to focus your results such as <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Search&amp;db=PubMed&amp;term=facial%20pain%20sleep%20disorders" target="pmc_ext">facial pain sleep disorders</a>.</p>
<p align="left">（例如搜索pain sleep disorders retrieves太多结果，可以用facial pain sleep disorders试试）</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>PubMed搜索的结果太少，如何找到更加相关的文章？</h4>
<p>1，  在搜索的结果，点击Related Articles的链接。</p>
<p><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/related_articles.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-836" title="搜索的结果太少，如何找到更加相关的文章？" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/related_articles.png" alt="搜索的结果太少，如何找到更加相关的文章？" width="509" height="234" /></a></p>
<p>2，  去掉无关的关键词再重新搜索</p>
<table style="width: 664px; height: 136px;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="t_table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><strong>Example</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="left">If your search, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Search&amp;db=PubMed&amp;term=facial%20pain%20sleep%20disorders" target="pmc_ext">facial pain sleep disorders</a>, retrieves too few citations consider removing search terms to broader the search and retrieve more citations such as, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Search&amp;db=PubMed&amp;term=pain%20sleep%20disorders" target="pmc_ext">pain sleep disorders</a>.</p>
<p align="left">（与上面的例子相反，用facial pain sleep disorders如果结果太少，再换pain sleep disorders试试）</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>找不到我所需要的，PubMed是怎样执行搜索工作的？</h4>
<p>在搜索时，PubMed会自动修改搜索的关键词以提高搜索的能力。有时候这种修改不一定符合你的想法。想要查看PubMed是如何修改的，点击Detail菜单查看详细，并且你也可以编辑。</p>
<p><a href="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/pubmed_details.png" class="highslide-image" onclick="return hs.expand(this);"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-837" title="找不到我所需要的，PubMed是怎样执行搜索工作的？" src="http://liucheng.name/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/pubmed_details.png" alt="找不到我所需要的，PubMed是怎样执行搜索工作的？" width="477" height="478" /></a></p>
<table style="width: 646px; height: 173px;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="t_table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center"><strong>Example</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
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<td valign="top">
<p align="left">If you search for cystic fibrosis by its abbreviation cf the <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Search&amp;db=PubMed&amp;term=cf" target="pmc_ext">cf search</a> retrieves some citations that do not discuss cystic fibrosis. To see why PubMed retrieved these citations, click Details to see that PubMed translated cf to search for citations about cerebrospinal fluid or cf.</p>
<p align="left">例如你用cf（囊肿性纤维化cystic fibrosis的缩写）关键词搜索，但结果中却没有出现关于cystic fibrosis 的。这是因为PubMed会自动把cf关键词转换为搜索cerebrospinal fluid(脑脊髓液,缩写也是cf)。（这也就提醒你搜索时尽量不要使用缩写。最好用全名称。）</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>我需要更加的帮助和训练？</h4>
<p>联系客户支持：用<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/ehelp?Db=pubmed&amp;Page=Home&amp;Host=portal101&amp;Snapshot=entrez" target="_blank">PubMed Help Desk</a>在线提交问题。</p>
<p>NLM的客户服务热线：1-888-FIND-NLM (1-888-346-3656)</p>
<p>星期一到星期五： 8:30 a.m.-8:45 p.m. EST</p>
<p>星期六： 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. EST</p>
<h2>相关PubMed文章</h2>
<p>PubMed新增特性: <a href="http://www.liucheng.name/?p=685" target="_blank">Entrez系统扩展组件更有利于检索</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.liucheng.name/?p=318">用RSS订阅NCBI-PubMed文献</a></p>
<p>~完~</p>
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